Important Phrases for English Phone Conversations

Significant Phrases for English Phone Conversations Calling in English incorporates learning various exceptional expressions, just as concentrating on listening aptitudes. Probably the most significant expressions incorporate how to pick up the telephone, how to request others, how to interface, and how to take messages.â Presenting Yourself Here are a couple of approaches to casually present yourself on the phone: This is Ken.Hello, Ken talking On the off chance that youd like to answer all the more officially, utilize your complete name. This is Jennifer Smith speaking.Hello, Jennifer Smith talking. In the event that you are responding in due order regarding a business, simply express the business name. For this situation, its regular to ask how you can help: Hello, Thomson Company. How may I help you?Plumbers Insurance. How might I be of administration today? English/American Difference Hi, this is KenBrighton 0987654 The primary model reaction is in American English and the second is in British English. As should be obvious there are contrasts in the two structures. The phone articles incorporate both British and American English, just as expressions that are regular to the two structures. In American English, we pick up the telephone expressing This is ... In British English, its basic to pick up the telephone by expressing the phone number. The expression This is ... is utilized distinctly on the phone to substitute the expression My name is ... which isn't utilized to pick up the phone. Asking Who Is on the Telephone Some of the time, youll need to discover who is calling. Approach them cordially for this data: Reason me, who is this?May (Can) I ask who is calling, if it's not too much trouble Requesting Someone At different occasions, youll need to address another person. This is particularly obvious when you phone a business. Here are a few models: Would i be able to have expansion 321? (expansions are inward numbers at a company)Could I talk to...? (Can I - increasingly casual/May I - more formal)Is Jack in? (casual figure of speech importance: Is Jack in the workplace? Interfacing Someone On the off chance that you pick up the telephone, you may need to interface the guest to somebody at your business. Here are some helpful expressions: Badly put you through (put through - phrasal action word meaning connect)Can you hold the line? Would you be able to hang on a second? At the point when Someone Is Not Available These expressions can be utilized to communicate that somebody isn't availableâ to talk on the phone. Im apprehensive ... isn't accessible at the momentThe line is occupied... (at the point when the expansion mentioned is being used)Mr. Jackson isnt in... Mr. Jackson is out right now... Taking a Message On the off chance that somebody isnt accessible, you should take a message to help the caller.â Could (Can, May) I take a message?Could (Can, May) I disclose to him who is calling?Would you like to leave a message? Keep rehearsing your aptitudes by utilizing theâ practical exercisesâ below which remember data for leaving messages on the phone, how to askâ native speakersâ to delayed down, pretends on the phone and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Practice With a Role Play Start by learning significant phone English with the exchange beneath. Here is a short phone discussion with a portion of the key expressions: Administrator: Hello, Frank and Brothers, How would i be able to help you?Peter: This is Peter Jackson. Would i be able to have expansion 3421?Operator: Certainly, hang on a moment, Ill put you through... Straight to the point: Bob Petersons office, Frank speaking.Peter: This is Peter Jackson calling, is Bob in? Straight to the point: Im apprehensive hes out right now. Would i be able to take a message?Peter: Yes, Could you request that he call me at ... I have to converse with him about the Nuovo line, its pressing. Straightforward: Could you rehash the number please?Peter: Yes, that is ..., and this is Peter Jackson. Forthcoming: Thank you Mr. Jackson, Ill ensure Bob gets this asap.Peter: Thanks, bye. Forthcoming: Bye. As should be obvious, the language is fairly casual and there are some significant contrasts from up close and personal conversational English.

Childhood sexual abuse and effects on marital functioning

Youth sexual maltreatment and impacts on conjugal working Youth sexual maltreatment exploitation effectsly affects a womans close connections. Grown-up overcomers of youngster sexual maltreatment may show challenges in relational connections, including shirking or dread of closeness, indicating low passionate commitment with accomplices and an example of pulling back from couple association during times of high feeling. Grown-up survivors likewise may experience difficulty with trust and may have a poor feeling of limits and have a feeling of frailty. Overcomers of this injury regularly experience issues setting up and keeping up close connections and experience a high pace of sexual brokenness. Additionally, ladies with youngster sexual maltreatment encounters are twice as prone to encounter assault as grown-ups and to report having been genuinely mishandled by their accomplices. Therefore, this paper will manage me to this paper will channel me to adjust and depict validation to my case that youth sexual maltreatment works as a forerunner to conjugal cacophony and conjugal disappointment. It might be out of line, yet what occurs in a couple of days, once in a while even a solitary day, can change the course of an entire lifetime. The Kite Runner Khaled Hosseini Youth sexual maltreatment: The subject of youngster sexual maltreatment is as yet a no-no in India. An intrigue of quietness exists around the subject of misuse and a huge level of individuals feel this is a generally western issue and accordingly misuse, particularly youngster sexual maltreatment doesn't happen in our nation. Some portion of the explanation obviously lies in a conventional traditionalist family and network structure that doesn't discuss sex and sexuality by any means (Study on Child Abuse: India 2007). More often than not, guardians don't converse with their kids about sexuality and during pubescence young ladies are not told about the physical and enthusiastic changes that happen. What at that point happens is that all types of sexual maltreatment that a kid faces don't get detailed even to close people. Youngsters don't understand that they are being mishandled more often than not. Most casualties report having covered the occurrence as an agonizing and disgraceful one not to be ever advise d to anybody (RAHI, 1998). As characterized by the World Health Organization (1999), CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE is the association of a kid in sexual action that the individual in question doesn't completely understand; can't give educated agree to, or that disregards the laws or social restrictions of society. The action between a youngster and a grown-up or another kid who by improvement or age is seeing someone trust, force or duty with the movement being planned to delight or fulfill the need of the other individual is the thing that kid sexual maltreatment is clear by (W.H.O., 1999). This may incorporate however not restricted to: The incitement or intimidation of a kid to participate in any unlawful action The exploitative utilization of a youngster in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices The exploitative utilization of youngsters in explicit exhibitions and materials. Sexual savagery is any demonstration which might be verbal as well as physical which takes steps to break a people trust or potentially security. It incorporates assault, interbreeding, youngster rape, conjugal assault, inappropriate behavior, presentation and voyeurism. However, sexual maltreatment can be characterized as extreme types of sexual maltreatment and different types of sexual maltreatment. Extreme types of sexual maltreatment include: attack, including assault and homosexuality; contacting or caressing the kid; exhibitionism compelling a kid to display his/her private body parts and shooting a kid in naked. Different types of sexual maltreatment include: persuasive kissing; lewd gestures towards a kid during movement; lewd gestures towards a kid during marriage circumstances or other social events; exhibitionism showing before a kid and presenting a kid to explicit materials. The World Health Organization (1999) gauges that 150 million young ladies and 73 million young men younger than 18 have encountered constrained sex or different types of sexual viciousness including physical contact. An audit of epidemiological studies from 21 nations, fundamentally high-and center pay nations, found that in any event 7% of females (running up to 36%) and 3% of guys (extending up to 29%) detailed sexual exploitation during their youth. As indicated by these investigations, somewhere in the range of 14% and 56% of the sexual maltreatment of young ladies, and up to 25% of the sexual maltreatment of young men, was executed by family members or step guardians. In this way, it is critical to comprehend the ramifications of such horrible encounters and the impacts it has on a people last life. Youngster sexual maltreatment and its seriousness, beginning and span of misuse cripplingly affect the casualties life. There are various potential pathways by which youth injuries could affect grown-up relationship results, including conjugal fulfillment and interruption. Youth injuries can bring about closeness unsettling influence (for example dreading, doubting, and encountering inner conflict about relational closeness; impeded capacity to trust), troubles with sexual relating, expanded likelihood of physical savagery and revictimization, issues with passionate expressiveness and closeness, and enthusiastic evasion, which may thusly meddle with powerful relationship working (Briere,1992; Compton Follette,1998). Audit of Literature: Clinicians have since quite a while ago worked under the supposition that early maltreatment speaks to an awful relational involvement in the possibility to bring about long haul challenges with private accomplice relations. Various hypothetical models likewise point to imply accomplice relations as a zone of trouble for grown-up survivors (for example Alexander, 2003; Finkelhor Browne, 1985; Polusny Follette, 1995). Among these speculations, Finkelhor and Brownes (1985) traumagenic elements model has gotten a lot of consideration due to its utility for explaining the procedures by which early sexual maltreatment may influence an assortment of long haul results (for example Coffey, Henning, Turner, Leitenberg Bennett, 1996). Albeit created in light of sexual maltreatment, the proposed traumagenic elements are probably going to be normal across different sorts of youngster misuse. Quickly, this model holds that the effect of youth injury can be represented by the elements of selling out, awful sexualization, slander, and feebleness, which are said to change childrens subjective and enthusiastic direction to the world, and make injury by contorting childrens self-idea, world view, and emotional limits (Finkelhor Browne, 1985). Finkelhor and Brownes (1985) elements are helpful for conceptualizing how different conjugal results might be influenced by early abuse. For instance, the dynamic of selling out may become possibly the most important factor in the repercussions of misuse when casualties come to understand that a grown-up (regularly a relative) has damaged the inferred however basic trust that ordinarily exists among youngsters and grown-ups. Disregard speaks to a break of trust whereby grown-ups, who are relied upon to give care and security, deny offspring of fundamental needs, for example, food, cover, clinical consideration, and management. Horrendous sexualization, which alludes to formatively improper and broken sexual conduct originating from sexual maltreatment, may show in an assortment of enduring challenges, including expanded weakness to rape, over-sexualization of grown-up connections, or repugnance for sexual relations (Finkelhor Browne, 1985). A third procedure, slander alludes to disgu ised sentiments of disgrace, blame, and self-accuse that emerges from encountering abuse. On account of mental maltreatment, for instance, disparagement may advance from direct censuring by the culprit. For different types of abuse, derision may create in light of the mystery that frequently encompasses misuse, responses from family and the more extensive network upon the disclosure of misuse, and from casualties themselves. Conveyed into adulthood, disparagement may add to absence of receptiveness, sentiments of separation, and general disappointment in private relations. At long last, the dynamic of weakness alludes to an absence of self-viability that is said to advance from the wild and rehashed limit infringement that go with abuse. Feebleness caused by early sexual and physical maltreatment may sabotage survivors feeling of control seeing someone, rendering them less compelling in affirming their necessities during struggle and dynamic connections with accomplices. In the outrageous, such an awkwardness of intensity or control may turn into a hazard factor for extra exploitations inside the marriage. On the other hand, a distraction with issues of intensity may likewise show in compensatory endeavoring with respect to casualties to keep up or apply individual control seeing someone. The outrageous type of this inclination may again be connected to hostility, maybe started by casualties against their accomplices. A rising experimental writing has started to test clinical and hypothetical suspicions connecting abuse to long haul shortages in couple working. A large portion of these examinations have been directed with ladies engaged with dating connections. For instance, contrasted with non-manhandled ladies, unmarried ladies enlisted from school and network settings who were presented to kid sexual maltreatment report having less enthusiastic trust in their accomplices and view their accomplices as less dependable in finishing significant parts of the relationship (DiLillo Long, 1999; Mullen, Martin, Anderson, Romans, Herbison, 1994). In spite of the fact that investigations of sexual working normally have concentrated on female survivors sexual hazard taking that happens outside the setting of serious relationships (for example Orcutt, Cooper, Garcia, 2005), abuse has additionally been connected to sexual troubles with close accomplices (Leonard Follette, 2002). In an examination, ladies with a background marked by youth sexual or physical maltreatment report participating in less regular sexual movement (Dinnerstein, Guthrie, Alford, 2004), while both wom

Nazi police unit

In Ordinary Men, Christopher Browning utilizes the case of one especially merciless Nazi police unit in involved Poland to clarify how a gathering of apparently typical people could take an interest in some of World War II’s most noticeably terrible outrages. By looking at the blended responses they appeared as they completed their requests, Browning rejects the most widely recognized contentions concerning why they agreed to the Final Solution and attests that a mix of components persuaded normal men to become mass murderers.Reserve Police Battalion 101, a unit of the German Order Police (or â€Å"Orpo†), assumed a critical job in the Final Solution by filling in as an occupation power in eastern Europe, gathering together Jews and political adversaries of the Nazis, extraditing them to work and concentration camps, and executing more than 38,000 Jews between mid 1942 and the finish of 1943 (191). Its positions developed from 56,000 of every 1933, when the Nazis expect ed control and made an additional level of interior security, to more than 300,000 by 1942, when the Final Solution was executed (4-7).Browning clarifies that the unit, which shaped in Hamburg in mid 1942, was not involved over the top Nazis, raging enemies of Semites, or peripheral citizenry. The officials were chiefly working class vendors and experts (with some gathering individuals and just two individuals from the SS among them), while the positions included manual men who were not ardent Nazis. Plainly, the men who carried out mass homicide were not peripheral, brutal crooks yet strong residents who were some way or another changed. The â€Å"Community† (Battalion 101)The battalion’s early tasks uncover its inner conflict about its crucial Poland. The unit’s authority, Major Wilhelm Trapp, at first anguished over the requests to execute as opposed to just extradite Polish Jews, and its first significant barbarity, the Jozefow Massacre of 13 July 1942, was not really a briskly effective activity by steely-nerved Nazis. The occasion, wherein a Polish village’s 300 capable Jewish men were expelled to a work camp while its 1,500 Jewish ladies, kids, and older were gunned down, dealt with it wastefully and with critical enthusiastic division.Beset by drinking and messy techniques, the unit took a great part of the day to complete their requests and was at first irresolute about the whole reason of their central goal. Trapp even gave his soldiers the decision to abstain from the slaughtering, which twelve did; throughout the following year, around 20% of the unit either never murdered Jews or at first did yet halted. Sautéing comments that the rare sorts of people who bowed out did as such for an assortment of reasons.They were so caught off guard for the crucial they thought that it was simpler to follow orders than to consider their activities; many dreaded being marked as â€Å"cowards† or â€Å"weak† by declining to execute the unarmed; and, however few professed to be affirmed enemies of Semites, â€Å"they had in any event acknowledged the osmosis of the Jews into the picture of the adversary . . . [that] was eliminating German ladies and youngsters by shelling Germany† (73).Trapp adjusted to his men’s passionate mayhem by sending a lot littler gatherings to slaughter, maintaining a strategic distance from the division and dissension and in this manner making Battalion 101 an increasingly proficient murdering activity. Another of its activities, a slaughter at Lomazy on 17 August 1942, demonstrated Trapp’s intelligence; the unit’s Second Company, with assistance from â€Å"Hiwis† (Slavic partners with the Nazis), butchered 1700 Jews in significantly less time than the Jozefow killings took.Browning remarks, â€Å"Like much else, killing was something one could get utilized to† (85). Progressively, huge numbers of Battalion 101’s individuals became desensitized and a few, as fierce, substantial drinking Lieutenant Hartwig Gnade, really came to make the most of their job as killers. Indeed, even the most noticeably terrible were not solid Nazi psychos; they were still basically ordinary men who battled with their souls at the end of the day decided to become monsters.Still, regardless of the unit’s enormous number of murders and expanding ability at killing, it was never completely joined together and a few individuals, similar to Lieutenant â€Å"Heinz Buchmann† (a pen name, Browning utilizes for a significant number of the chief figures), made no mystery of their restriction to their activities, however Trapp never taught him, in any event, giving Buchmann an exchange and a good proposal later in the war. Additionally, a portion of the enrolled men wouldn't take an interest, confronting some circuitous disciplines like insulting and upsetting obligations, however none confronted genuine disciplinary activ ity for their dissent.Browning composes, â€Å"As long as there was no lack of men ready to do the dangerous current task, it was a lot simpler to suit Buchmann and the men who imitated him than to raise hell over them† (103). In his last parts, Browning clarifies that the battalion’s individuals didn't consider their activities tremendous; they basically thought of it as a matter of following requests, and a couple even idea that the Jews welcomed their destiny on themselves by tolerating it so passively.Others accepted that killing clueless casualties was sympathetic, in light of the fact that â€Å"a speedy demise without the desolation of expectation was viewed for instance of human compassion† (155). When attempting to discover explanations behind why such apparently normal men without savage chronicles had gotten such homicidal, merciless executioners, the creator gauges the most widely recognized of historians’ claims (bigotry, inordinate acquiesce nce, the job of publicity, war’s brutalization, and the bureaucratic division of work) and contends that none was distant from everyone else adequate to cause the unit’s transformation.Instead, he infers that those factors’ blend, alongside what creator Primo Levi regarded a â€Å"gray zone† of â€Å"ambiguity which transmits out from systems dependent on fear and obsequiousness† (187), permitted in any case typical people to be changed into killers †and it might happen again to another gathering of similarly â€Å"ordinary† men. REFERENCES Browning, Christopher R. Normal Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.

What You Dont Know About Argumentative News Articles Essay Topics

What You Don't Know About Argumentative News Articles Essay Topics While you might not get the opportunity for attempting all of them, pick the field which interests you, decide on any topic and get started writing. You research, develop an argument, find evidence to back up your claims, etc. Becoming in a position to compose a strong argument can help you succeed in society. As an issue of fact, the content of your essay is dependent on what you're likely to write about. Facts, Fiction and Argumentative News Articles Essay Topics The student should investigate a topic, evaluate evidence, collect, generate, and set a standpoint on the subject in a powerful and concise way. To write a fantastic argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, which enables them to make an educated stance. Generally, the argumentative essay has the exact same outline as most conventional papers. Lastly, you also need to have the ability to explore each side of the argument to provide a rounded essay. In the end, now that you're prepared to work on your paper, we wish to remind you of the value of suitable essay structure. To make sure that your paper stands out you are able to also, benefit from choosing an unusual subject. English language classes usually need a lot of writing. For this reason, you can stay sure that you'll find the best possible grade! You don't need to lose grades as a result of incorrect essay format. Using good informational essay topics can have an impact on how good a grade you get. The shortage of excellent support sources are going to result in a decrease grade. In any case, direct and indirect quotes are required to support your understanding of academic writing style. 1 important and appropriate subject is technology. Many brilliant individuals who achieved success in life proved actually academic drop-outs. One of the greatest strategies to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. Some individuals may believe that the fantastic content could be written on any topic and the paper success is dependent just on the mastery of the writer. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. One of the greatest methods to select your topic is to find one which you are in possession of a strong opinion about. It's not sufficient to sel ect a topic which everybody agrees on. Deciding on an effortless topic may prove to be an incorrect track because you might have difficulties finding credible sources to support your views. Deciding upon an emotional topic is also a great idea. Argumentative News Articles Essay Topics - What Is It? If you opt to be an independent essay writer, you can expect the exact same. Researching the topic will permit you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. When you are finished with your essay, you must not simply check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. Argumentative essay is about arguing and debating on a subject, which is debatable. If you are a newcomer to writing informative essays or simply struggle when it has to do with thinking of informative essay topics, then there's a great chance you may be searching for some help. A superb writer will have the ability to create any topic interesting, and one which knows and understands how to construct the essay as effectively as possible will have the ability to acquire great grades, regardless of what the topic is. Even if you're a specialist in a particular field, don't be afraid to use and cite external sources. The key to select a fantastic topic for an argumentative essay is to select a subject where there's a lot of debates on topics or stances. Having selected a very good topic to argue about, at this point you need to make an argumentative essay outline. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you may counter to your own points. To come across argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you will need to comprehend about the argumentative essay. Argumentative essays are a few of the best that you can write as a student.

Human Resource Management Final Study - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2255 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: Study Essay Time Management Essay Did you like this example? Keller Graduate School of Management Study Guide for Final Exam 1. Give four examples of major Equal Employment Opportunity laws and/or regulations, including the name of the act, what it does, whom it covers and who enforces it. Name of Act| What is does| Whom it covers| Enforcement Agency| Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964| Forbids discrimination based on race, color, sex, national origin, or religion| * Employers with 15 or more employees working 20 or more weeks a year * Labor Unions * Employment agencies * State and local governments| EEOC| Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)| Prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities| Employers with 15 or more employees| EEOC| Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)| Prohibits discrimination in employment against individuals 40 years of age and older| * Employers with 15 or more employees working 20 or more weeks per year * Labor Unions * Employment agencies * Federal government| EEOC| Pregnancy Dis crimination Act| Prohibits discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions| Employer With more than 15 employees| EEOC| 2. How has the role of HRM changed in recent years? Discuss three trends that are changing the HRM function. Why have these roles changed? The amount of time devoted to administrative tasks is decreasing, and HRM role as a strategic business partner is increasing. The advances in technology are taking over many of the administrative tasks, like managing employee records and allowing employees to get information and enroll in training, benefits and other programs. HR professionals need to prepare employees to work in foreign locations, because of globalization. In regards to sustainability, an aging workforce means that employers will increasingly face HRM issues such as retirement planning, and retraining older workers to avoid skill obsolescence. 3. Job analysis is important to HR managers because information gathered in job analysis is used in so many HR activities/functions. Describe how job analysis information is used in four different HR activities/functions. Job analysis is used in: Human resource planning requires accurate information about the level of skills in all jobs to ensure that enough employees are available to meet the strategic needs of the corporation. Selection by determining the tasks that will be performed by the person hired and the knowledge, skills, and abilities the person must have to perform the job effectively. Training and Development After the job tasks have been identified training can be effectively developed to ensure trainers can prepare people to perform their jobs successfully. Performance appraisal emphasize the characteristics and behaviors of successful performers. 4. What are the differences among job analysis, job descriptions and job specifications? Job analysis is the process of getting detailed information about jobs. A job analysis is where all the det ail is gained for the job description and job specifications. A job description is a list of the tasks, duties, and responsibilities that a job entails. Job specification is a list of the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics that an individual must have to perform a job 5. Which is not an advantage of employing temporary workers as a means of eliminating a labor shortage? Temporary workers may have little experience. They may also make the full time employees feel threatened, especial after downsizing has occurred. 6. What is downsizing? Discuss the four major reasons why organizations engage in downsizing. In general, are downsizing strategies successful? List reasons why or why not. Downsizing is the planned elimination of a large number of employees designed to enhance organizational effectiveness. Reasons for downsizing include: * need to reduce labor costs * technological changes reduce need for labor mergers and acquisitions reduce bureaucratic overhead * organizations choose to change the location of where they do business Studies show that firms that announce a downsizing campaign show worse, rather than better financial performance. Reasons include: * The long-term effects of an improperly managed downsizing effort can be negative. * Many downsizing campaigns let go of people who turn out to be irreplaceable assets. * Employees who survive the staff purges often become narrow-minded, self-absorbed, and risk-averse. 7. Forecasting indicates the need for skilled technical employees in your company will increase dramatically this year. If the company continues on its present ourse, it will experience a substantial labor shortage by years end. Something must be done fast, but management is concerned about maintaining its flexibility. Which of the options for avoiding expected labor shortages identified in the text would be most appropriate under these circumstances? Explain your answer. To remain flexible and do something fast regard ing the upcoming forecasted labor shortage, the company can do one of these or a combination; hire temporary workers, outsource, or offer overtime. Hiring temporary workers helps eliminate a labor shortage. Temporary employment affords firms the flexibility needed to operate efficiently in the face of swings in demand. 8. Define utility and then identify and discuss at least five factors likely to affect the utility of any test. Utility is the degree to which the information provided by selection methods enhances the bottom line effectiveness. Reliability, generalization, validity, effectiveness enhances selection process, economic consequences of failure 9. Identify and discuss two specific ways in which the Americans with Disabilities Act has impacted (or constrained) the process of selecting employees. Under ADA, a firm must make reasonable accommodation to a physically or mentally disabled individual unless doing so would impose undue hardship† like being cost prohibiti ve. There have been consequences of this act like increased litigation. The act was passed to protect people with major disabilities, but cases being filed do not reflect Congressional intent. 10. Discuss at least four ways to improve the performance feedback process. * Be specific, give often frequent (no surprises). Feedback should be given frequently, not once a year. * Create the right context for the discussion. A hall way would not be an appropriate environment for constructive feedback (criticism). * Focus feedback on behavior or results, not on the person. * Agree to specific goals and set a date to review progress. 11. Discuss the relationship between training, development and careers. Training focuses on helping employees’ performance in the current jobs. Development refers to formal education, job experiences, relationships, and assessment of personality and abilities that help employees prepare for the future. Careers are a sequence of positions held within an occupation. A career is a path in which training and development help to get employee to the next level. 12. Describe and discuss the different ways that job experiences can be used for employee development. Assume development is most likely to occur when there is a mismatch between the employees skills and past experience and the skills required for the job. Job enlargement refers to adding challenges or new responsibilities to an employee’s current jobs. Job rotation is the process of systematically moving a single individual from one job to another over the course of time. A transfer is a movement of an employee to a different job assignment in a different area of the company Promotions advances into positions with greater challenge, more authority than the employee’s previous job. A downward move occurs when an employee is given a reduced level of responsibility and authority. 13. Explain what job withdrawal is, its three levels of progression and how it rela tes to job satisfaction. Progression of withdrawal is a theory that dissatisfied individuals enact a set of behaviors in succession to avoid their work situation. Three categories include: * behavior change * physical job withdraw * psychological job withdraw Withdrawal behaviors are related to one another, and they are all at least partially caused by job dissatisfaction. 14. Describe the impact of coworkers and supervisors on employee satisfaction. For what three reasons might an employee be satisfied with his or her supervisor or coworker? A person may be satisfied with his or her supervisor and coworkers for one of two reasons: shared values, attitudes, beliefs, and philosophies, strong social support 15. Describe the differences between internal equity comparisons and external equity comparisons, and explain their consequences on the organization. Two types of employee social comparisons of pay are especially relevant in making pay-level and job structure decisions. Exter nal equity pay comparisons focus on what employees in other organization are paid for doing the same job. Benchmarking is a procedure by which an organization compares its own practices against those of the competition. Such comparisons are likely to influence external employee movement like the attraction s and retention of quality employees, increase or decrease labor cost and employee attitudes. Internal equity pay comparisons focus on what employees within the same organization, but in different jobs, are paid. Consequences of internal equity on the organization are promotions, transfers, job rotation, cooperation among employees, and employee attitudes. 16. Why is it useful for organizations to think in terms of designing a mix of programs rather than choosing one overall compensation program? Give examples. A combination of compensation programs will help balance individual, group, and organizational objectives. Potential consequences of compensation programs are performanc e motivation of employees, attraction of employees, organization culture, and costs. Contingencies that may influence whether a pay program fits the situation are management style, and type of work. 17. Communication of compensation issues is argued to represent a strategic opportunity for an organization to distinguish itself from its competition. Why is this so? A change in the compensation system is likely to give rise to employee concerns. Changes may be upsetting to employees, cause rumors and assumptions, effect productivity, and lower moral, HR needs to demystify the process. Communicating changes effectively can distinguish a company from its competitors who are not good communicators. 18. Discuss and contrast defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans. ********will be on final********* Defined Benefit Plan * Guarantees a specified retirement benefit level to employees. Calculated payments based on age and service. * Insulates employees from investment risk. * PBGC (Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation) guarantees basic retirement benefit in case of financial difficulties. ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act) increased the fiduciary responsibilities of pension plan trustees, established vesting rights and portability provisions, and established the PBGC. Defined Contribution Plan * Does not promise employees a specific benefit level upon retirement. * Employers shift investment risk to the employee. * Most prevalent in small companies. 19. What are HMOs and PPOs? How do they differ from each other and from traditional health care providers? Health maintenance organizations (HMO) * focus on preventive care and outpatient treatment. * require employees to use only HMO services and providing benefits on a prepaid basis. * physicians and health-care workers paid a flat salary to reduce incentive of raising costs. Better for younger, healthier employees and dependants Preferred provider organizations (PPOs) * have contract with emp loyers and insurance companies, to provide care at reduced fees. * do not provide benefits on a prepaid basis. * employees often are not required to use just the PPOs. * tend to be less expensive than traditional health care but more expensive than HMOs. * get to choose your doctor 20. Discuss flexible spending accounts, citing their purpose, benefits and drawbacks. Flexible spending accounts permit pretax contributions to an employee account that can be drawn on to pay for uncovered health care expenses, and child care, up to $5000 a year. Funds must be spent during the year or they revert to the employer (use it or lose it). The major advantage is that take-home pay increases because of pretax contributions. A drawback to employers is FSAs have high administrative costs. 21. What can management do to prepare for contract negotiations with a union? Pg 633 * Review the old contract. * Prepare and analyze data. * Anticipate union demands. * Establish the costs of various possible contract provisions. * Make preparations for a strike. * Determine the strategy and logistics. 22. Name and discuss the four factors that affect HRM in global markets. Which of them do you think is the most important factor and why? Implications of Culture for HRM (most important because it affects others) * The legal system is an outgrowth of the culture, reflecting societal norms. * Often determines effectiveness of HRM practices. Human Capital * Countries differ in their levels of human capital. * A countrys human capital is determined by a number of variables, primarily, educational opportunity. * Countries with low human capital attract facilities that require low skills and low-wage levels. * Countries with high human capital are attractive sites for direct foreign investment that creates high-skill jobs. Political/Legal System * Dictates the requirements of certain HRM practices, such as training, compensation, hiring, firing, and layoffs. United States has led the world i n eliminating discrimination in the workplace and controlling the process of labor management negotiations. Economic System * Under socialist economies, there is little economic incentive to develop human capital, but ample opportunity exists because education is free. * In capitalist systems, the opposite situation exists, with higher tuition at state universities but economic incentives exist through individual salaries 23. Discuss the four categories of HR linkages with the business. Pg 700 HR functions articulation of people outcomes stem more from an analysis of what their functions currently do than from an understanding of how those people outcomes relate to the larger business. People link functions have clear indentified, articulated, and aligned their HR activities around people issues and outcomes, but not business issues and outcomes. Business link HR functions begin with an assessment of what HR is doing, then identify the major people outcomes they should focus on, and, in a few cases, how those might translate into positive business outcomes. Business driven functions have fully developed HR strategies with begin in identifying the major business needs and issues, consider how people fit in and what people outcomes are necessary, and then build HR systems focused on meeting those needs. Source: Noe, R. , Hollenbeck, J. , Gerhart, B. , Wright, P. (2008). Human Resource Management: Gaining the competitive advantage. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human Resource Management Final Study" essay for you Create order

State Lamark and Darwins Theory - 1727 Words

2a) State Lamark and Darwin’s theory and explain the difference using an example Lamark proposed the theory that offspring were able to inherit the traits that were acquired during their parent’s lifetime. He held the belief that organisms altered their behaviour according to their environment, in turn modifying their organs and body structure to best suit their surroundings. The improved structures useful to the organism were then to be inherited by their offspring. Unused organs would deteriorate and eventually be removed from the body overtime. For example, giraffes obtained the useful characteristic of elongated necks and front limbs to reach food in high trees through the straining of their necks. It was believed that that the neck and front limbs would progressively elongate each generation as giraffes stretched further. On the other hand, Darwin believed that genetic variation already existed with a population of organisms. Physical and chemical environmental changes or competition for resources acted as selecting agents for favourable genetic characteristics. The organisms with the genes best adapted to the environment would survive and produce offspring with those favourable traits. Conversely, those with unsuitable traits died off quicker and therefore were less likely to reproduce. Over generations, the organisms with the desirable characteristics would eventually dominate the population. For example, giraffes with the already existing favourable trait ofShow MoreRelatedEvolution Of Evolution And Genetics921 Words   |  4 PagesBiologists have been studying evolution and genetics to further advance human knowledge, discover the human origins, and to eliminate human illnesses. Biologists like Lamark and Darwin have contributed much knowledge to the biology community and have helped many grasp the idea of evolution. But there are still many questions left unanswered; regressive evolution is one of these puzzling questions left unanswered. Cavefishes may help solve the mystery of why regressive evolution occurs and biologists

Technology and Scientists in Movies-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: "In what ways are science, scientists and/or technology portrayed in the film and for what purposes?". Answer: Science, scientists and technology form the core of all science fiction movies. These movies apply creativity and go beyond the everyday life experiences to portray science as an essential aspect of life and scientists as fearless and highly intelligent persons. Revelers of such movies never stop to wonder at the genius depicted in these movies and for this reason; they remain all time favorite genre for movie lovers across the globe. The film Close Encounters of the Third Kind is based on two parallel story lines depicting scientists on a discovery mission. The first narration involves a group of research scientists investigating the strange appearances of items in remote locations. Claude Lacombe, one of the investigators uses the Kodaly method of music education as a means of communication as they go on with their investigation. This action at first baffles the scientist but soon, an American cartographer, David Laughlin unravels the meaning. The second plot introduces Roy Neary, an electric company lineman and Jillian Guiler, a single mother among some persons in Munice, Indiana. They experience a paranormal activity before a flash of lightning shoots up the sky. They largely believe this to be an Unidentified Flying Object (UFO). Although all others believe the object is a UFO, Roy becomes curious and gets obsessed with the phenomenon. He is out to unravel the truth about the UFO lie as propagated by persons in authority. In these two parallel plots we see two ordinary individuals transform into great scientists because of the strange happenings around them (Landon, 2014). This particular case demystifies science and scientists as people who look out for vanity. It depicts science as a necessity to solve the dilemmas of life.Science in this movie is portrayed as the answer to mans search for meaning (Barsam and Monahan, 2015). Through science, we discover through the movies that there is more to life than what the human mind can grasp. It appears that the creators of these movies intend to offer hope to man in the current sufferings. There is also a depiction of truth that can be discovered by science. In the story line for the movie Close encounters of the Third Kind, both Roy and Jillian refuse to accept a belief that is generally agreed among their contemporaries (Redmond, 2014). Although the flash of light in the sky remains a mystery, they are daring enough to go against the grain and seek for truth. Scientists in movies are mostly depicted as curious and courageous people who seek for answers in difficult places. There is usually a show of high level intelligence in these individuals who stop at nothing to unravel a mystery. The American Cartographer, David Laughlin uses his brain to decipher the meaning behind the Kodaly music. This discovery stirs the mind of movie watchers assuring them that there is no mystery in life that cannot be solved. This communication technique ultimately leads humans to discover the communication code of the aliens. Movie lovers visualize this as an indication that the human mind bears the capacity to bring solutions to sophisticated problems that confront humanity. Scientists in movies do not believe in common sayings that have no evidential back-up. This quality is seen in Roy who declines to believe that the mysterious flash of light in the sky is a UFO as largely believed by his seniors. He does not allow his mind to recede into a lazy mode and works hard to unravel the mystery. When the Frenchman Lacombe and David Laughlin discover Flight 19 that went missing from the American air space thirty years earlier, their curiosity is triggered. The two begin to connect events together and to unravel the mystery is missing planes. This is an extrapolation of real life events where planes are said to have mysteriously disappeared in the Bermuda triangle. In this regard, the movie offers answers to mysterious happenings (Dourish and Bell, 2014). Scientists are often depicted as fearless individuals who endanger their lives for the benefit of humanity (Brown and Rapper 2017). In the movie under review, Jillian is determined to get to the bottom of the UFO mystery. She is driven into this expedition not just for herself but for her son who has undergone his share of strange experiences. This courageous character joins with selflessness to portray her in good light in the eyes of the viewer. Scientists are also depicted as having no malice in their endeavors and their investigations always lead to goodwill for mankind. In science fiction movies there is the use of cutting edge technology to unravel mysteries in strange places (Johnston, 2013). Technology becomes an enabler for carrying out explorations that baffle the mind. The scientists never allow technology to replace their creative energies as they unearth the working of things in mysterious places. The title of the movie talks of the third kind which relates to encounters with aliens. Aliens are creations in the mind and many people have dilemmas as to whether they actually exist or not (Alkon, 2013). The ingenious discovery of the language of the aliens is a work of expertise for the scientists. Their expedition soon gains national importance and is seen as the answer to long unsolved mysteries. The result of the communication is that the UFOs land on earth with their spaceship and many people who were captured by them earlier walk out Roy is ultimately holds a conversation with the aliens in coded language. This elevates the place of technology as the ultimate answer to lifes difficult questions (Kozlovic, 2016).The ultimate goal, however of all movies is entertainment. As much as science fiction leaves many questions in the mind of the viewer, the objects created therein are usually a creation of mans imagination. Persons who are frustrated with things that remain a mystery to them gain hope but are also entertained. Conclusion The popularity of science fiction in the entertainment scene is a testament of how they serve to entertain and also trigger the imagination of viewers. Many people will continue to patronize the movies as they peg their hopes that lifes unexplained mysteries will be unraveled. References Alkon, P. K. (2013).Science fiction before 1900: imagination discovers technology(No. 3). Routledge. Barsam, R., Monahan, D. (2015).Looking at movies. WW Norton Company. Brown, N., Rappert, B. (2017).Contested futures: A sociology of prospective techno-science. Routledge. Dourish, P., Bell, G. (2014). Resistance is futile: reading science fiction alongside ubiquitous computing.Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,18(4), 769-778. Johnston, K. M. (2013).Science Fiction Film: A Critical Introduction. Berg. Kozlovic, A. K. (2016). From holy aliens to cyborg saviours: Biblical subtexts in four science fiction films.Journal of Religion Film,5(2), 3. Landon, B. (2014).Science Fiction after 1900: from the Steam Man to the Stars. Routledge. Redmond, S. (2014).Liquid metal: the science fiction film reader. Columbia University Press.

Asthma in Australia Illness and Treatment Essay Example

Asthma in Australia: Illness and Treatment Paper Asthma is said to be a chronic disease that is affecting more and more australians today.   Australia is the second highest country in terms of the prevalence of asthma.   One in every four children, one out of seven young adults, and one in every ten adults are said to have asthma (NAC, 2005). Typically, it is characterized by wheezing and shortness of breath.   The shortness of breath is caused by the narrowing of the airways within the lungs and obstruction to airflow.   Inflammation of the air passages is said to be the underlying reason for this narrowing of the airways (Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring, 2005).   Symptoms of asthma are usually seen in very young children or the elderly.   Also, those whith other diseases seem to show the symptoms of asthma.   In the 1980’s, the National Asthma Management Plan of Australia was started.   In 1999, asthma became a high priority of the government (Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring, 2005). According to the Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring (2005)   asthma is almost on the same priority as injuries, slightly lower than cardiovascular disorders and arthritis.   This is mainly because the prevalence of the diseases are of the same level or slightly varying from one another. In the Journal of Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring (2005), the definition of Asthma that has been adopted for most international expert organizations is Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role, in particular, mast cells, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, macrophages, nutrophi and epithelial cells.   In susceptible individuals this inflammation causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing, particularly at night or in the early morning.   These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment.   The inflammation also causes an increase in existing bronchial hyperresponsiveness to a variety of stimuli (p. 4) We will write a custom essay sample on Asthma in Australia: Illness and Treatment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Asthma in Australia: Illness and Treatment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Asthma in Australia: Illness and Treatment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are two types of asthma.   One is considered intermittent patients and the other, persistent asthma (Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring, 2005).   It could be said that the distinction between the two is based on the periodical nature of the exposure to triggers.   Asthma can also be classified according to how severe the problem is to a patient.   In relation to this, the severity could be measured by how well the patient responds to treatment.   Subgroups of the illness are also cases for classification.   Although most subgroup represent how asthma is triggered, like exercise-induced asthma or aspirin-sensitive asthma, it is still significant to know this since it may help in the treatment of the problem. There are also different risk factors for asthma.   One is the constitutional factors.   This is the general reference to the predisposition of an individual to factors such as having family members with asthma, genetic mutations, sex and age group.   On the other hand, environmental exposures refer to the risk of acquiring asthma and the necessary interventions needed to be taken (Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring, 2005). There are different tests to check if patients have asthma.   One of the many is the skin prick test.   This test is given to those who are suspected to have persistent asthma.   Skin prick testing is said to be the gold standard for allergy testing.   This is because it is more sensitive than blood tests (NAC, 2005).   More than relying of the history of patients, skin prick test is more accurate for the identification of allergens of a patient.   It is also very safe and can be tolerated even by small children because it causes little discomfort.   Results are given just after 20 minutes. People with asthma often seek health care and attention for non-urgent concerns such as routine review or prescription of asthma therapy.   According to the National Asthma Council of Australia (2005), effective management helps in the maintenance of the quality of life.   This is the key aim of the treatment.   The main goal is to improve and make sure that the capacity to carry out everyday tasks is normal and not limited by asthma (NAC, 2005). On the other hand, the role of the health professionals is to be aware of the impact of the treatment on short term and long term outcomes of the illness to the patient (NAC, 2005). The impact of asthma on the quality life of people suffering from it report poorer general health than normal people.   They suffer from anxiety and depression.   Not being able to sleep properly is a common problem among adults and children with asthma.   It can also be a hindrance in performing well in the workplace and in school.   (Asthma.org, 2007). Such is the reason why there is a great need to control asthma and its onset.   The goal to stabilize and allow people to perform everyday tasks with ease is just the main answer to the concern of having difficulty in life. The objective of self management is to empower patients with the knowledge and skills they need to treat their own illness. A first step towards this is to have patients share responsibility for their treatment with their caregivers. There are self-management plans for people with asthma.   The main objective of this is to empower patients and equip them with the right knowledge and skills to address and treat their illness (Thoonen and Van Weel, 2000).   The first step that should be taken to carry this out is to have patients feel that they are sharing the responsibility of their treatment with their health professionals (Thoonen and Van Weel, 2000).   .  Ã‚   It aims to monitor their daily activities to pinpoint what stressors trigger their attacks.   It is important for patients to steer clear of these stressors.   Therefore, identification of the triggers is necessary for self-management.   Also, they have to be familiar with how to properly use inhalers and other medical resources that they have to employ. Asthma Action Plans (AAP) plays a big role in the management and treatment of asthma.   It is a written manifestation of asthma symptoms and recognition of patient of how their bodies deteriorate due to asthma.   Due to this written possession of each asthma patient, better medical attention, self-management treatments and interventions are given to patients.   There is also sufficient evidence to say that treatment outcomes positively increase when patients have the AAP (Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring, 2005). Unfortunately, the majority of people with asthma still do not have a written asthma action plan.   The 1990’s showed a tremendous increase in the possession of the AAP, however, it is enough to sustain it to present time.   There has also been campaigns of the National Asthma Council that seem to improve awareness of the public regarding asthma, sadly, they have difficulty in reaching the outer regional and remote areas, including the socioeconomically disadvantaged regions (Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring, 2005).   Management of asthma is also done through medication.   This is where the role of health professionals is emphasized.   Medication is used primarily to relieve symptoms during times when they occur, control the disease and treat exacerbations of the disease (Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring, 2005). In a study by Hawley (2001), she concluded that in asthma care, there is no one perspective that is better than the others.   Different ways of knowing, beliefs and understandings should be taken into consideration.   When one acknowledges that a patient may be different culturally and have distinct beliefs different from the health professional, then there would be a better, safer and more competent treatment to asthma (Hawley, 2001). According to a study by Stoloff and Janson (1997), information, awareness and skills training can improve asthma control.   Control is very important for patients because, as earlier mentioned, it helps the affected people perform everyday tasks like normal people.   Education regarding asthma are proven to be very cost-effective and can lead to a decrease in morbidity among patients of all ages (Janson and Stoloff, 1997).   Asthma education is carried out by health professionals such as nurses and doctors.   This is very important.   It has been noted that there is an increased patient knowledge, improved skills in using inhalers, improvement in clinical status and lesser emergency cases due to asthma (Janson and Stoloff, 1997). Such are the reasons why the health professionals have a role in managing asthma.   The patients turn to them for primary knowledge regarding their illness and to prevent worsening of such problems.   This is a two-way relationship and it is important that each one’s tasks are performed appropriately for better outcomes. Unfortunately, there are problems that could arise in the hand-in-hand patient-health professional treatment of asthma.   According to one study, nurses’ comments on self-management were largely about the importance of patient education and for follow up and monitoring.   They said that this could be achieved through attendance in asthma clinics where nurses could explain and elaborate on the condition and treatment.   Self management treatment is also more advisable for people who have had the disease for a longer time, as compared to the newly diagnosed. Problems arise when nurses see that patients are not to be trusted to take care of themselves properly.   The study cited by Thoonen and Van Weel, mentioned that the nurses considered every patient different from the others.   Ergo, different treatment is much more suited for them. (Thoonen and Van Weel, 2000).   Finally, self-management plans are only effective if the patients themselves still continue to attend follow ups, check ups and coordinate with health professionals.   Otherwise, they will just fall into bad habit if they are not closely monitored.   (Thoonen and Van Weel, 2000). Bibliography Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring. (2005) Asthma in australia. Asthma series. 2(6). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2007). Statistical snapshot of people with asthma, 2001. Asthma series. 8. Department of Health and Ageing, Australian Government (2007). Why asthma is a national priority. Retrieved on August 6, 2007 from http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pq-asthma-why.htm Hawley, R. (2001). Voices in time: The role of the nurse in asthma management-past, present and future. (Doctoral Dissertation. University of Sydney, 2001). Virginia Henderson National Nursing Library. Health Insite (2006). Asthma statistics. Retrieved on August 6, 2006, from http://www.healthinsite.gov.au/content/internal/printpage.cfm?ObjID=0000E624-0403-1D2D-81CF83032BFA006Dstartpage=1 Hendeles, L. (1995). The role of the pharmacist in improving asthma care. National Institutes of Health Publication. 95(3280), pp. 1-16. Janson, S. and Stoloff, S. (1997). Providing asthma education in primary care practice-includes self-management plans and patient information. American Family Physician. July. Laurant, M., Reeves, D. and Sibbald, B. (2006). Advanced nurse roles in uk primary care. Medical Journal Association. 185(1), pp. 10-12. National Asthma Council (2005). Asthma management handbook 2006. Retrieved on August 6, 2007 from http://www.nationalasthma.org.au/cms/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=16 Itemid=54 Thoonen, B. and Van Weel, C. (2000). Self management in asthma care. British Medical Journal. 2000(321), pp.1482-1483

Political and social effects that shaped the 60s generation essays

Political and social effects that shaped the 60s generation essays Massive black rebellions, constant strikes, gigantic anti-war demonstrations, draft resistance, Cuba, Vietnam, Algeria, a cultural revolution of seven hundred million Chinese, occupations, red power, the rising of women, disobedience and sabotage, communes they were thought of as being pot smoking, freeloading vagabonds, who were trying to save the world. As this small pocket of teenage rebellion rose out of the suburbs, inner cities, and countrysides, there was a general feeling that the hippies were a product of drugs, and rock music; this generalization could have never been more wrong. The hippie counterculture was more than just a product of drugs and music, but a result of the change that was sweeping the entire western world. These changes were brought about by various events in both the fifties and the sixties, such as: the end of the "Golden Years" of the fifties, the changing economical state from the fifties to the sixties, the Black Panther Party, women moving into the w ork force, the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and John F. Kennedy Jr., the war in Vietnam, the Kent State protest, and finally the Woodstock festival. The electric subcurrent of the fifties was, above all, rocknroll, the live wire that linked bedazzled teenagers around the nation, and quickly around the world, into the common enterprise of being young. Rock was rough, raw, insistent, especially by comparison with the music it replaced; it whooped and groaned, shook, rattled, and rolled. Rock was clamor, the noise of youth submerged by order and prosperity, now frantically clawing their way out. The winds of change began to sweep across America in...

BHE 314 Mod 4 SLP Environmental Health and Safety Essay

BHE 314 Mod 4 SLP Environmental Health and Safety - Essay Example In the result, bacteria, parasites, and different germs are mixed with beach water, which results in different illnesses. Individuals with diarrhea and vomiting problems are one of the major causes of water contamination. Secondly, it is noted that irregular bowel movements of children are also a major cause of contamination of beach waters. (WHO, 2003) Another main factor that contributes to beach water contamination is sewage water that mixes in the beach water and results in millions of bacteria in the water. Feces and urine are some of the components of human waste that consist in sewage water. Although the United States has effective sewage treatment plans; however, network of pipes often malfunctions and results in the leakage of such contaminated water in recreational waters and beaches. Studies have indicated that a waterborne protozoan, Cryptosporidium parvum emerges in after contaminated sewage-water mixes in beach waters. Even after much advancement in innovative scientific methods, it is very difficult to eliminate the emergence of abovementioned protozoan from water, which causes a number of waterborne diseases. In the year 2000, existence of abovementioned bacterium affected hundreds of U.S. residents that visited recreational water beaches. In the month of July 2001, the same bacterium affected more than fifty-two people that were exposed with the same protozoan at a recreational beach. (WHO, 2003) Every year, hundreds of complaints are registered regarding the waterborne illnesses that are caused after visiting recreational water facilities in different parts of the country, and therefore, it is important that effective steps should be taken to eliminate the factors that cause such contamination. Experts have indicated that humans are exposed with contaminated water in recreational beaches through different routes. During swimming, swimmers accidentally drink contaminated water that

Antigone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Antigone - Essay Example This study looks into â€Å"Antigone† by Sophocles that is about Antigone’s struggles with what she thinks is right versus what Creon believes is right. They have differences in what morality is about and who should define it. The play depicts the conflict between serving the state’s authority and observing one’s family duties. Creon makes a law that prevents Polyneices from having a proper burial, because he is a traitor to Thebes. He declares: Him I decree that none should dare entomb, That none should utter wail or loud lament, But leave his corpse unburied, by the dogs And vultures mangled, foul to look upon. Antigone, however, is willing to defy the king, so that she can bury Polyneices. For her, her family duties come first before her duties as a citizen. She reinforces her belief to Ismene, who tries to stop her in disobeying Creon: â€Å"At least he is my brother-and yours, too,†¦ I will not prove false to him†. Antigone thinks that the laws can be damned, if it means failing her brother. Another cause of moral conflict in the play is the conflict between duties to the gods and duties to the state. Creon stresses to his son Haemon that the former’s will represents the will of the state or Thebes: â€Å"The state, I pray,/It is not reckoned his who governs it?†. As a result, people must follow him, or else political instability will occur. Antigone undermines the need to obey Creon, when she prefers following the laws of the gods. The gods want the dead to be buried properly, so Antigone says: â€Å"Who traced these laws for all the sons of men;/Nor did I dee m thy edicts strong enough,/Coming from mortal man, to set at naught† ... The gods want the dead to be buried properly, so Antigone says: â€Å"Who traced these laws for all the sons of men;/Nor did I deem thy edicts strong enough,/Coming from mortal man, to set at naught† (Sophocles 495-497). For her, mortal laws are inferior to divine laws. The causes of these conflicts are deaths, where Antigone’s death starts a cycle of death in Creon’s family. When Antigone commits suicide, Haemon follows suit. Then, Haemon’s mother kills herself too. In the end, Creon only wanted to punish one woman for her insubordination, and yet he suffered the most, because all his loved ones died. The main causes of moral conflicts are differences in duties and laws. For Antigone, her duty to her family and the gods are more important than her civic duties. Divine laws are heavier for her than man-made laws. Creon, however, insists on the paramount importance of his laws and civic duties. The effects of his decree are deaths and his unhappiness. Work Cited Sophocles. Antigone. Web. 30 Jan. 2012. . Lesson 4 Journal Entry # 1 of 14 Journal Exercise 4.1: Essay Ideas Before you begin the reading for this section, brainstorm possible essay topics. You can choose any issue, situation, or event that catches your interest. Your textbook offers some general possibilities for topics on page 752. You should list at least five possible topics. Journal Entry Some of the five possible topics I have thought about are: 1) Causes and effects of moral conflict 2) Causes and effects of being an individualist 3) Causes and effects of being a ruler 4) Causes and effects of being a woman 5) Causes and effects of being a tyrant Lesson 4 Journal Entry # 2 of 14 Journal Exercise 4.2: Synopsis

Qualitative Research or Quantitative Research Essay Example for Free

Qualitative Research or Quantitative Research Essay Both qualitative and quantitative research methods have their specific qualities which make them useful to a researcher, however in the course of this short essay I will explain why, for several reasons, qualitative research is better. As both methods operate within different assumptions, it is important to stem criticism for each methods respective theoretical base in order to adequately judge them. In the course of this essay I will highlight each methods theoretical assumptions and then I will assess each method by pointing out their positive and negative factors. The underlying assumption behind qualitative research is that the entire subject needs to be examined in order to understand the phenomenon. Quantitative research however, places importance in collecting and analyzing data from parts of a trend and in so doing, can miss important aspects which could lead to a complete understanding of the whole phenomenon. Theres no such thing as qualitative data. Everything is either 1 or 0(Fred Kerlinger: 1999)Unlike quantitative research, there is no overarching framework for how qualitative research should be conducted; rather each type of qualitative research is guided by the particular philosophical stances that are taken in relation by the research to each phenomenon (Miles Huberman: 1994, p. 40) This enables qualitative research to be more involved with the subject at hand whereas quantitative research has the same rules which it applies to every subject matter, thus making it easier to overlook important evidence. As the researcher using qualitative methods becomes entirely immersed in the data collection phase of the project, he himself actually becoming the data collection tool as opposed to the questionnaires and equipment used by quantitative researchers, it allows him to gain a better understanding of the subject matter as a whole and observe the subject in its own environment:Human behaviour is significantly influenced by the setting in which it occurs; thus one must study that behaviour in situations. The physical setting  ¬e.g., schedules, space, pay, and rewards  ¬and the internalized notions of norms, traditions, roles, and values are crucial contextual variables. Research must be conducted in the setting where all  the contextual variables are operating. (Marshall Rossman: 1980)Quantitative research disregards these valuable contextual variables as most of the work is done in a laboratory with the researcher using the principles of impartiality and an objective portrayal of t he subject. In conclusion, qualitative research is better than quantitative research because it places emphasis upon the subject itself by studying it in an in-depth manner and becoming involved with it on a personal level. Quantitative research keeps a level of impartiality with the subject matter thus making it neglect important contextual factors crucial to the research itself. 1.Using British Election Study data for example, why is it problematic to do quantitative research on ethnic minorities?It is problematic to do quantitative research on ethnic minorities because the standard deviation is so small, thus the observations are spread out over a very small sample which would not accurately represent the entire ethnic group. There is such a small valid percent that subjects would need to be targeted as they are unlikely to be caught during random sampling. 2.Providing either hypothetical and/or published examples, how accurate is it to label content analysis as a quantitative method?It is quite accurate to label content analysis as a quantitative method for several reasons. The comparisons of their theoretical patterns are numerous and therefore it has more in common with quantitative than qualitative methods. In the course of this short essay I will explain why it is accurate to label content analysis as a quantitative method by using an example of research employing content analysis and pointing out the similarities between the two. Content analysis has been described as:Any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages (Holsti: 1969 p. 14)Compare this with a definition of quantitative research:The aim is to classify features, count them, and construct statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observed. It is objective seeks precise measurement analysis of target concepts. (Miles   Huberman: 1994, p. 40)Both of these definitions contain the term objective, which shows that both of the methods share the core aspect of non-interference with subjects:Content analysis is often referred to as an unobtrusive method'(Bryman: 2008, p. 289)This key concept lies at the heart of both content analysis and quantitative research methods, it is an obvious similarity. In Shephards study of the dynamics between the party, candidates and constituencies he used content analysis on party leaflets to spot recurring trends. His method (content analysis) bears a striking resemblance to quantitative research, for example both methods begin with hypotheses and theories, Shephard choosing to ask whether emphasis in leaflets matches the profile of the constituents. He then made two hypotheses stating that -the higher the unemployment rate the higher the emphasis on jobs and job creation and the higher the home ownership, the higher the emphasis on interest rates and mortgages. Quantitative research methods also start off with hypotheses and theories; therefore it is clear to see that content analysis could be labelled quantitative due to this fact. Furthermore, both methods of research have a high level of transparency because they are both highly structured and systematic in their approach. Shephard stated that to conduct his analysis objectively and systematically (two quantitative features) that he had to identify his sample, sample period, text/images and what words and images to count. This shows that both content analysis and quantitative research share epistemologically grounded beliefs about what constitutes acceptable knowledge (Bryman: 2008, p. 155)In conclusion, it is accurate to label content analysis as a quantitative method due to the fact that it shares many features in common with quantitative research. These include, maintaining objectivity during the study, transparency and a systematic approach to research. These features indicate that content analysis is grounded in the same theoretical processes and philosophy as quantitative research. 3.Providing examples of focus group research from the literature, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of focus groups. Focus groups are a highly useful method of data collection but they have many advantages and disadvantages. I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of focus groups in this essay and also consider real-life examples of focus group research to illustrate this. Focus groups can provide an insight into the way in which people organize and interpret knowledge as well as how people construe information. This is especially useful in the study of audience reception- how audiences receive different kinds of television and radio programmes, etc. Such a study was conducted by Morley in 1980 into how Nationwide, a popular television programme at the time, was received by specific groups of people. He noticed that different groups had different interpretations of the programmes which they had watched, which indicated that the meaning of the programme was based in the way it was watched and interpreted not in the programme itself. (Bryman: 2008, 475) This provides more information that a simple interview because the interviewee has the choice to respond to fellow participants and argue with them, leading the researcher to gain a greater insight into why they hold such beliefs and how strongly they feel about them. Another advantage of focus groups is that they can provide a more open environment to respond to questions by the way in which they are selected prior to the event. For example, Kitzinger notes in her research on HIV that any attempts at discussions about risks for gay men were blocked out by strong homophobic clamouring amongst homophobic men. (Kitzinger: 1994b in Bloor, et al: 2001, p. 20) Therefore focus groups consisting of specific groups such as male prostitutes, retirement club members, etc, provided a more relaxed environment in which views could be openly discussed without fear of being criticised for ones beliefs. In addition to this, organising groups consisting of only HIV positive people meant that disclosure of a potentially stigmatising status could be overcome. (Bloor: 2001 p. 23)However focus groups also have their disadvantages, the most prominent one being the role of the researcher within the discussion- the way in which the focus group is designed, the participan ts selected to take part, where the meeting takes place, how the questions are worded and delivered and who the instigator is may affect the responses which are obtained. This raises  the question over the validity of the results as the researcher has less control over a focus group than he would over a one on one interview with respondents possibly talking amongst themselves on irrelevant issues, or the simple fact that they may get bored or have personality issues with other members of the group. (Walvis: 2003 p. 405)Another disadvantage of focus groups is the tendency of researchers to (either consciously or subconsciously) pick groups so that they align with pre-determined beliefs about a subject. One famous example of this was when Coca-Cola launched New Coke in 1985 despite the fact that the focus groups had made it explicit that they would not like to see the traditional coke removed from the shelves. (Pendergast: 1993 and Greising: 1998) The taste-tests however had proved positive, but they had not been asked the vital question about how they would feel if traditional coke was removed from the shelves, this positive response was more in line with how the CEO of Coca-Cola felt about the product and it was launched based on the back of poorly conducted focus groups. The subsequent product was a massive failure and lost Coca-Cola a large share of the market; it was obvious that Coca-Cola had spent too much time and money on the plan to dismiss it on the results from focus group research at the last minute. One final disadvantage of focus groups is their limited spread of views; Morgan (1998) suggests that the average size of a group should be around six to ten people. This clearly cannot be representative of the population as a whole- Stephen Fisher and Robert Andersen (2005) state that in order to have a representative sample for one million people you would need, with a margin of error of 5%, 384 participants. Bibliography †¢Bloor, M. et al. (2001) Focus Groups in Social Research (London: Sage). †¢Bryman, A. (2008) Social Research Methods (2nd Ed.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press). †¢Greising, D. (1998) Id Like the World to Buy a Coke: The Life and Leadership of Robert Goizueta (New York: Wiley)†¢Holsti, O.R (1969) Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley)†¢Kerlinger, F. Foundations of Behavioural Research (Nova York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1965)†¢Marshall, C., Rossman, G. (1980). Designing qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. †¢Miles Huberman (1994, p. 40). Qualitative Data Analysis†¢Pendergast, M. (1993) For God, Country and Coca-Cola: The Unauthorised history of the Worlds Most Popular Soft Drink (London: Weidenfeld Nicholson)†¢Shephard, M. (2007) Multiple Audiences, Multiple Messages? An Exploration of the Dynamics between the Party, the Candidates and the Various Constituencies, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties†¢Walvis, T.H (2003), Avoiding advertising research disaster: Advertising and the uncertainty principle, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 10, No. 6

Using Technology Supported Learning Essay -- Education, Eatwell Plate

Using Technology Supported Learning The selected topic chosen for the technology supported learning package, supports the learning and teaching of healthy eating. I decided to create an interactive self-assessed food groups package that blends into a lesson on healthy eating. Healthy eating feeds into a lot of the courses I teach; food and nutrition, childcare, personal development and food safety and I wanted to find a different way of making the lesson interesting and informative for my students and myself and at the same time introducing the students to information learning technology, self-directed study and assessment. The target audience were a group of female students attending a local Sure Start Children's Centre. There are seven students on this course and they have had a mixture of formal education, and some training provided by the Children's Centre; several have had very negative experiences at school, and four of the younger students have left school with no GCSE's. All the female students are unemployed; six are single mothers, and one is married. These students have been encouraged by their family support worker to attend this course; so motivation could be a problem as their confidence levels vary and for three of the seven learners, this is the first time they have taken a formal qualification since leaving school. At the start of the course all students were assessed for literacy; there are five at Entry Level 3 and two at Level 1. The group have also been assessed for learning styles, two are kinaesthetic, two are visual, and three are aural oriented learners. A basic computer skills assessment was also carried out and all the students have communicated that they are able to use a computer, navigate... ...; to produce 10 CD's the cost incurred was  £266.49 which makes this an expensive resource to produce on a small scale. The modifications required to improve the resource package, could be completed in minimal time and negotiating a deal on having the package reproduced on a larger scale will reduce the cost. The benefit as a teaching and learning resource allows the students to complete independent study at their own pace, using a technology that they may not have regular access too; it provides the teacher with an innovated way to communicate this subject. Vygotsky (1978) zone of proximal development, suggests "learners can demonstrate and achieve their optimal potential when given some assistance" cited in (Lajoie 2007 p. 29). I feel that the benefits out way the costs of producing this package and the feedback from the students would support this. Using Technology Supported Learning Essay -- Education, Eatwell Plate Using Technology Supported Learning The selected topic chosen for the technology supported learning package, supports the learning and teaching of healthy eating. I decided to create an interactive self-assessed food groups package that blends into a lesson on healthy eating. Healthy eating feeds into a lot of the courses I teach; food and nutrition, childcare, personal development and food safety and I wanted to find a different way of making the lesson interesting and informative for my students and myself and at the same time introducing the students to information learning technology, self-directed study and assessment. The target audience were a group of female students attending a local Sure Start Children's Centre. There are seven students on this course and they have had a mixture of formal education, and some training provided by the Children's Centre; several have had very negative experiences at school, and four of the younger students have left school with no GCSE's. All the female students are unemployed; six are single mothers, and one is married. These students have been encouraged by their family support worker to attend this course; so motivation could be a problem as their confidence levels vary and for three of the seven learners, this is the first time they have taken a formal qualification since leaving school. At the start of the course all students were assessed for literacy; there are five at Entry Level 3 and two at Level 1. The group have also been assessed for learning styles, two are kinaesthetic, two are visual, and three are aural oriented learners. A basic computer skills assessment was also carried out and all the students have communicated that they are able to use a computer, navigate... ...; to produce 10 CD's the cost incurred was  £266.49 which makes this an expensive resource to produce on a small scale. The modifications required to improve the resource package, could be completed in minimal time and negotiating a deal on having the package reproduced on a larger scale will reduce the cost. The benefit as a teaching and learning resource allows the students to complete independent study at their own pace, using a technology that they may not have regular access too; it provides the teacher with an innovated way to communicate this subject. Vygotsky (1978) zone of proximal development, suggests "learners can demonstrate and achieve their optimal potential when given some assistance" cited in (Lajoie 2007 p. 29). I feel that the benefits out way the costs of producing this package and the feedback from the students would support this.

History of Magazines in Kenya

HISTORY OF MAGAZINES IN KENYA Magazines are a form of print media that are printed periodically for a specific group of people with a common interest. Magazine publishing started way back in the 1660s with Erbauliche Monaths-Unterredungen (Edifying Monthly Discussions) being the first magazine to be published in Germany and in the world as a whole. This was in the year 1663. However, the next magazine that followed was much different than the first. The Gentleman’s Magazine published in1731 in England included more entertainment in form of essays, stories, poems and political commentary.Magazines then looked like books, printed in black and white. They were merely a channel where literate men passed on their points in the above mentioned forms of entertainment. In 1739, The Scots Magazine was published and is still published up to date though as a daily business newspaper. In the year 1741, the first magazine in America was published and named American Magazine just three days before Benjamin Franklin’s General Magazine was published. Several magazines were then established until in 1933 when the first men’s magazine, Esquire was published.This was the beginning of special-interest magazines. Further on into the 1950s to 1970s, magazines were inclusive of models gracing their covers. Magazines in Kenya started publishing way back in the 1970s. An example of a magazine published then is Joe Magazine which was founded by Hilary Ng’weno, the publisher and Terry Hirst, the artist. This magazine was full of humour, used art and fiction to narrate cultural, political and social aspects of daily Kenya living. It target was the urban residents but after Ng’weno left in 1974, Hirst tried changing it to include the rural residents as well.However, it lost market and shut down in 1979. Ng’weno however did not end his publishing career there. He did some other publishing works such as Weekly Review, which nurtured important persona lities such as Hanningtone Gaya. In this era of modernity, magazines are grouped into three; * Consumer magazines: these are sold by subscription and at newsstands, in bookstores and supermarkets. * Industrial, company, and sponsored magazines: are produced by companies specifically for their employees, customers and stockholders and by clubs and associations for their members. Trade, professional, and business magazines: carry stories, features and ads aimed at people in specific professions and are either distributed by the professional organizations themselves or by media companies. (Baran) A lot of magazines have come up in Kenya in this century. These are such as the first men’s magazine in Kenya and East Africa known as HM (His Magazine) which is produced by Media Seven Group(Kenya) Limited. This magazine basically aims for men in between 21-40 years of age and it is all about knowledge and insights men could grasp to better their relationships.Media Seven Group also pr oduces Her Magazine, Monthly Motor, Mum and Dad, Teen Life, Business Monthly and G Magazine. Other magazines in Kenya are such as Samantha’s Bridal Weddings Magazine, Passion, Pregnant, True Love, Parents (possibly the oldest magazine), The Insyder, Tupike, and Salon among others. SAMANTHA’S BRIDAL WEDDINGS MAGAZINE Samantha’s Bridal Weddings Magazine is a consumer magazine that is based on weddings and acts as a guide for people planning their weddings. It was started in 2005 by Dr. Catherine Masitsa.The inspiration to begin Samantha’s Bridal Weddings Magazine came from Going Out, a magazine that talked about interesting sites in Kenya. Dr. Catherine Masitsa saw the need for an informative magazine on weddings and all that is involved and thus Samantha’s Bridal Wedding Magazine. However, immediately after Going Out ended, she ventured into Business Woman, another magazine and later Samantha’s Bridal. Samantha’s Bridal Weddings Magazi ne is the first Kenyan wedding magazine and is named so after Dr. Catherine Masitsa’s mother and because it is â€Å"girly† and has a soft touch to it.PERSONNEL People involved in production of Samantha’s Bridal Magazine are editor at large (Catherine Masitsa), sub editor (Christabel Ododa), creative director, contributors, printers, advertising sales executive, advertising sales coordinator, distributors, photographers, models, make-up artists and advertisers. PROCESS AND PERSONNEL ROLES This magazine’s production technically has four stages. Stage one is research. The editorial team comes up with a blueprint which is the rough outline of what the magazines should look like.The Blueprint has the themes, how every page should look like, what should be included and who needs what for the magazine to come up. The editors look for material to write about in connection with the theme, enter contractual agreements with the models and photographers and search f or venues to build up the magazine. The editor is also involved in copyrighting which basically involves coming up with the words of the theme. In the latest issue of Samantha’s Bridal the theme was Dress trends, the writers thus had to look for something to write on dresses.The next stage is the design stage. In this stage is where the sub editor puts together the articles, arranges the articles and puts words in the advertisements. The work is then sent to the designer who lays out the tempo and the photos to come up with an authentic layout. After the designer has done his work its back to the editor for proof reading then to the designer again to prepare the artwork for print in PDF format in cd form to send to local printers and in transfer file protocol to send to international printers. The third stage is printing.The printer makes digital print outs of final look of the magazine which is sent back to the office for approval by the chief editor who has to sign every pa ge. The digital print outs are called proofs. Once the proofs are approved they are sent back to the printers then final printing begins. This process of printing begins when artwork is electronically transformed into a film which is then checked and transformed to the printing plate. The printing plates are then mounted on the web off-set printer which transfers the artwork on paper.Color separation on the papers is done through a process of colors, â€Å"CYMK†. This is cyan, yellow, magenta and black. The pages are mixed with these colors to differentiate between pictures and words. Printing starts with the light colors first and onto the dark colors. The machine sorts the papers from the first to last, binds the magazine and trims it into the size of that particular magazine. The last stage: the distribution of the magazine. Samantha Bridal Magazine uses PDS to distribute their magazine to all their advert clients and to supermarkets all over Kenya.Samantha’s Bridal Magazine produces 10,000 copies each selling at 495 Kenyan shillings. TREND CHANGE * Comparing magazines today and those in the past, there is evidence of a big difference embraced by the magazine industry. * There is use of more graphics and colored images to brighten and liven up the magazines. * Magazine publishers have ventured into the internet to meet the competition posed by other forms of media. * Publishers now are focused on concentrating on their defined audiences rather than the whole multitude. ETHICS Every magazine has a house style that makes it unique and distinct.A house style is the set of standards for the writing and design of an organization. House style identifies a particular company. This is seen in the font size, flow of articles, number of pages, size and layout of magazine. The magazine Industry is very cautious in terms of confidentiality and ethics. This is so in that, when a company wants an advertisement design made for them by the designer; it has to be sent back to the company for its approval. The proof is another example of cautiousness where every page has to be signed to show approval before the printer can go ahead.When a venue for taking photos is chosen the owners of the place have to approve the use of their place as well. Apart from approval by the concerned, magazines rarely face ethical dilemmas in terms of what they write about. This is because, they do not write on real life stories apart from events that have occurred such as parties or dinners. FUNDS Advertisements are what keep a magazine running. Samantha’s Bridal Weddings Magazine has a sales team whose main work is to source for people who want advertisements. The team approaches agencies like Scan group to get companies to advertise with them.A full page advert cost 185,000 and this is basically how a magazine makes money. GOVERNING BODIES AND REGULATORS Government: it offers licenses to the publishing company of the magazine. For instance, Samantha bridals magazine is licensed to produce the magazine and air the TV show. Editorial style book: it governs how the magazine will look like. It is an organizational book that determines the layout of the magazine. THEORY APPLICATION According to Baran, Social Cognitive Theory states that people learn through observation- and applying it to mass media.We either imitate what we see or identify with it. When women look through the magazine, others get ideas of how they would want their weddings to be (imitation) while those who are already married appreciate what they see since they know the feeling (identification). CHALLENGES According to Hanningtone Gaya, publisher of the Media Seven Group magazines, these are the challenges magazine publishers in Kenya face; * Kenyan advertisers do not believe in advertising in magazines, therefore there is no advertising revenue to sustain magazine publishing. Kenyans do not like reading books or magazines, which undermines magazine circulation and subscription. * Most magazine publishers carry very shallow articles which are not well researched. * The magazines appear periodically and therefore disappointing to loyal readers, subscribers and advertisers. * The high cost of printing and poor quality in color printing is a major disadvantage in Kenya. { http://www. gvpedia. com/Kenya/Hanningtone-Gaya-Top-Magazines-Publisher. aspx} REFERENCES www. amanthasbridal. co. ke Stanley Murage- Creative Director, Samantha’s Bridal (0720316292) http://www. infoplease. com/ipea/A0154485. html#ixzz1bQvU4EoQ http://www. media7group. com/component/search/magazines%2Bhistory/%252F? ordering=&searchphrase=all http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Joe_%28magazine%29 http://www. gvpedia. com/Kenya/Hanningtone-Gaya-Top-Magazines-Publisher. aspx Baran S. J. , (2010), Introduction to Mass Communication. Media Literacy and Culture, 6th Ed. , McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.