Essay --

Written around 1606, Macbeth is recognized as one of Shakespeares greatest works. Macbeth deals with the downfall of the title character Macbeth as he falls from a respected, decorated soldier to a despised, tyrannical monarch. This fall from grace is accompanied by the motif of darkness. Darkness serves to set the ominous and superstitious measure of the story, foreshadows events, and is utilise as a symbolic device. One of the uses of darkness is to establish the dark and mysterious tone. One example of darkness being utilize to establish tone is when Lennox notes of the unruly night. (Act 2, Scene 3) Lennox also points out that the chimmneys were blown down, meaning there were odd wind patterns, and that the obscure bird, meaning owl, often associated with darkness, was creaky all night. This quote shows the eerie events that happen at night and associates the darkeness of night with mysterious happenenings. Another use of darkness for tone is when Lady Macbeth ment ions it when she decides that she would help Macbeth do the necessary dirty work to take the throne after reading his letter to her. While she calls upon the dark spirits to strip away her feminity she also says nor nirvana peep through the blanket of the dark To cry Hold, hold (Act 1, Scene 5) In this quote Lady Macbeth is also using darkness metaphorically as a way that she and her husband can keep their ambitions secret and how the darkness serves as a cover so that no one can earn them commit the murder. The secrecy that the Macbeths desire helps add to the dark tone of the story. In both these quotes, darkness establishes the enigmatic and cryptic tone that dominates the play. In addition, darkness is used to ... ...l things since she decided to help Macbeth become king. It is a vain attempt to keep herself in a good light even though she has done numerous bad things. While it physically keeps her in a bright state, it cannot take the darkness out of her heart. This st ruggle adds to her insanity. In this scene darkness and light cook up good and evil as they often do in many stories. Darkness is one of the more prominent motifs in Macbeth. It establishes the tone, foreshadows events in the story, and is used as a symbolic device. When its uses are put together darkness helps show us the theme. Macbeth is a tragedy, creully showing how fearless ambition can have bleak effects. One cannot get so far without suffering some consequences. Sometimes all the work put in just isnt worth the determine you pay. And unfortunately for Macbeth it him cost everything.

Indochina :: History

IndochinaIndochina is made up of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. It was colonized by the French in the late 1800s and given up in 1939. Japan tookover Frances loss subsequently that. After Japans defeat in 1945, Vietnams patriot and communist, Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh declared Vietnam independent. After that, France came to claim their loss. The US supported France fearing the eye mask Theory would take affect after in 1949 China fell to communism. In 1950, the US move troops to South Korea to prevent the dominos from falling. The Vietnamese took fort Dien Bien Phoo in May of 1954, so accordingly the French finally pulled out. That set up 2 nations North Vietnam and South Vietnam split at the seventeenth parallel. Ho Chi Minh was in the North and was a Communist Ngo Dinh Diem was in South and disliked communism. He argued that if there was an election to choose a leader of 1 unified nation, that Ho would not permit fair elections. Viet Cong Rebellion In 1956, Diem closed all ele ctions, and appointed local officials. That gave him less of support. likewise he didnt win the support of the peasants, that was a major mistake... in the south Vietminh members who were located in South Vietnam formed their own communist party. Diem called them the Viet Cong meaning Vietnamese Communists. North Vietnam supported the rebellion in the early parts. In 1959 the Vietminh set up a supply route to South Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia. They were then named the Ho Chi Minh trail. Also in 1959, the first American advisors were killed during a battle. By 1960 the Vietcong had about 10,000 troops and were threatening to overthrow Diem. Then the US sent 15,100(WorldBook) more US advisors in from 1961 - 1963. The Buddhists also had a hard time with Diem, they felt he did not give enough phantasmal freedom. The Buddhists also held the better part of Vietnams population. On June 21, 1963, an old Buddhist Monk Quang Duc lit himself on fire as a form of protest. Diem who was a Roman Catholic and his brother, performed massive arrests on Buddhists and raided Buddhist temples. Kennedy urged Diem to improve relationships with Diem, but he didnt take his offering. Then a group of generals who were against Diem formed. On Nov. 1, 1963, the generals overthrew Diem and his brother, and Diem and Nhu were murdered.

The Human Foot and Ankle Essay -- Biology, Bones, Joints

IntroductionThe human floor and ankle are composed of 26 bones, 33 joints, and more than a hundred muscles, tendons and ligaments. These components work together to provide the body with support, balance and mobility. The foot acts as a rigid lever and mobile organiser (Amstrong Prosthetic feet, 2010). The human foot must(prenominal) be capable of withstanding the bodys weight and functions as a shock absorber (Swierzewski, 2007 NYU, 1990). The prosthetic foot needs to be capable of mimicking the missing natural foot, to make for the most efficient gait pattern. When due to disease, accident or developmental malformation a natural foot is absent a prosthetic foot is used to mimic the missing limb in an attempt to create the most efficient gait pattern. The prosthetist must choose from numerous types of prosthetic feet, depending upon the patients physical condition and life-style needs (Swierzewski, 2007).Gait CycleThe human gait cycle is comprised of two-fold sequential st eps. It begins with the heel of the foot contacting the ground and ends when that same foot contacts the ground again (Perry, 1992). The period of the gait cycle that the foot is on the ground is called the post phase. The period when the foot is in the air is called the swing phase. The phases of the gait cycle are sign contact (IC), loading response (LR), mid-stance (MSt), terminal stance (TSt), pre-swing (PSw), initial swing (ISw), mid-swing (MSw) and terminal swing (TSw). There are three primary functions of the gait cycle, which are weight sufferance, single limb support, and limb advancement. Weight acceptance occurs during initial contact and loading response. During these phases, the limb is stabilized to prevent falling and the foot fun... ...activities. The main disadvantage of this foot is that it costs more than other feet, and rout out only be used by patients at the K3 level or above (Lusardi & Nielsen, 2007). ManufacturesThere are several different manufactu res of prosthetic feet such as Ossur, Ottobock, Ohio Willow Wood, and SPS. Most companies specialize in adult feet though there are some manufactures such as Ossur that have a special paediatric line. On the companies websites, feet are organized based on K level and further categorized based upon male or female. Prosthetic feet receive in different lengths in centimeters and left or right. They also are grouped by weight of the patient that can safely use the foot. Some feet come in different skin colors and others have a space between the big toe and second toe to accommodate the user who wants to brook flip-flops or shoes with toe straps.

Dogmatism Character of Religion Essay -- Religion

Platos Dream is a short story written in 1756 by the French philosopher and satirist Franois-Marie Arouet who published beneath the name of Voltaire. In this story, He explained the doctrine taught by Plato to his disciples. The scene is about Demiurgos, the creator of the infinite space, who wanted to test the geniuses of his supreme creatures. He gave to each one unmatchable a planet to organize. One of his creatures, Demogorgon, received the earth. He worked on it and arranged it as easily as we have it today. Because of the magnificent job he did, he believed he would receive the utmost praise from his brothers instead, he was ridiculed and criticized because of his im paragons that they noted supposedly. The brothers not only criticized Demogorgons work, but also seem to have a critique towards each others work. Since they were not able to agree with each others work, they kept going back and forth in their disputes. To put an dying to it, the creator Demiurgos called for p eace amongst his supreme creatures and decided to be the ultimate judge. Through his examination of their work he found both great discoveries as well as flaws, which was not a surprise to him since his creatures had a lot of knowledge and imperfections as well. Demiurgos concluded and stated that he is the only one who could create perfection and had the power to give immortality. This fable written by Voltaire is a sharp philosophical criticism of religious doctrine. He is known as a deist, which is a belief or doctrine that declares the existence of a god and its influence in the creation of the universe without relying on sacred scripts or being a member of a formal religion. Platos Dream portrays the dogmatic character of religion, and argues for principles ba... ...not sponsor a blind belief in God in the injustice of its mysteries.Works CitedEnglander, Alex. Kants Aesthetic Theology Revelation as Symbolisation in the Critical Philosophy. NeueZeitschriftfrSystematischeTheolo gie und Religionsphilosophie.53.3 (2011). 304. Academic Search Complete. Web. 25 April 2012.Rist, John. Morality and Religion nearly Questions about First Principles. Philosophical Investigations.34.2. (2011). 215. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 April 2012.Voltaire. Platos Dream. Trans. Literature a World of Writing Stories, Poems, Plays, and Essays. Ed. David L. Pike and Ana M. Acosta. Boston Pearson 2011. 429-430. Print.Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef Johann. Wittgenstein and religiousdogma.International journal for Philosophy of Religion. Ed. Hoyt, Christopher.61.1 (2007). 42. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 April 2012.

Papa John’s International, Inc. Essays -- Strategic Case Analysis

Introduction Papa Johns International, Inc., is headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky it is the worlds largest pizza chain and considered paramount in the pizza industry. Papa Johns municipal pizzas are made exclusively from a proprietary blend of wheat flour, cheese made from coke% real mozzarella, fresh-packed pizza sauce made from vine-ripened tomatoes (not from concentrate) and a proprietary mix of savory spices, and a choice of high-quality meat (100% beef, pork and chicken with no fillers) and veg toppings. However, international ingredients vary to meet customs and tastes. (http//ir.papajohns.com/)The company operates approximately 3,400 domestic and international pizza restaurants. They have five segments of their business domestic restaurants, domestic commissaries, domestic franchises, international operations, and variable interest entities. (Barney & Hesterly, 2010) They have company-owned restaurants in mature and arriveed markets, but have recently experienced a mea surable decrease in their domestic franchising sales because these franchisees are not strategically located in the more heavily concentrated markets like their company owned restaurants. To further develop the Papa John franchisees, they are working on various economic systems to provide royalty and local marketing relief for struggling franchisees, by providing financial support to assist existing and/or new businesses, and educating lenders and banking institutions on the Papa Johns business models and goals.Papa Johns has currently started repurchasing about 1 million shares of its common stock at an average price of $22.52 per share, the companys board of directors recently extended a repurchase plan finished the end of 2010. Papa Johns... ... end-user customers, so as to capture additional market presence.Dominos has recently changed their pizza ingredient and their pricing structure they could belong a major threat to Papa Johns customer base because they have always prid ed themselves on using high-quality ingredients. Dominos is now qualification attempting to grab up some Papa Johns domestic market share.Works CitedForm 10-K Annual Report Filed Feb 24, 2009, http//ir.papajohns.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1104659-09-11825 (Retrieved 2/11/10)Thursday, February 11, 2010, 243pm EST Modified Thursday, February 11, 2010, 304pm, Papa Johns cooks up heart-shaped pizza promo http//louisville.bizjournals.com/louisville/stories/2010/02/08/daily41.html?ana=yfcpc (Retrieved 2/11/10)http//money.cnn.com/2009/09/22/news/companies/papa_johns_pizza_schnatter.fortune/index.htm (retrieved 2/12/10)

Papa John’s International, Inc. Essays -- Strategic Case Analysis

Introduction protoactinium Johns International, Inc., is headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky it is the beings largest pizza chain and considered paramount in the pizza industry. Papa Johns domestic pizzas are made exclusively from a proprietorship blend of wheat flour, cheese made from 100% real mozzarella, fresh-packed pizza sauce made from vine-ripened tomatoes (not from concentrate) and a proprietary mix of savory spices, and a prize of high-quality meat (100% beef, pork and chicken with no fillers) and vegetable toppings. However, international ingredients vary to meet customs and tastes. (http//ir.papajohns.com/)The company operates approximately 3,400 domestic and international pizza restaurants. They birth five segments of their business domestic restaurants, domestic commissaries, domestic franchises, international operations, and variable interest entities. (Barney & Hesterly, 2010) They have company-owned restaurants in mature and developed markets, but have belated ly experienced a measurable decrease in their domestic franchising sales because these franchisees are not strategically located in the more heavily pure markets like their company owned restaurants. To further develop the Papa John franchisees, they are working on various economic systems to provide royalty and local anaesthetic marketing relief for struggling franchisees, by providing financing to assist existing and/or new businesses, and educating lenders and banking institutions on the Papa Johns business models and goals.Papa Johns has currently started repurchasing about 1 million shares of its common stock at an average price of $22.52 per share, the companys board of directors deep extended a repurchase plan through the end of 2010. Papa Johns... ... end-user customers, so as to capture additional market presence.Dominos has late changed their pizza ingredient and their pricing structure they could become a major threat to Papa Johns customer base because they have un ceasingly prided themselves on using high-quality ingredients. Dominos is now making attempting to grab up some Papa Johns domestic market share.Works Cited frame 10-K Annual Report Filed Feb 24, 2009, http//ir.papajohns.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1104659-09-11825 (Retrieved 2/11/10)Thursday, February 11, 2010, 243pm EST Modified Thursday, February 11, 2010, 304pm, Papa Johns cooks up heart-shaped pizza promo http//louisville.bizjournals.com/louisville/stories/2010/02/08/daily41.html?ana=yfcpc (Retrieved 2/11/10)http//money.cnn.com/2009/09/22/news/companies/papa_johns_pizza_schnatter.fortune/index.htm (retrieved 2/12/10)

Emma Gifford Poems Essay

sturdy portrays a various amount of thoughts, feelings and concerns throughout the Veteris Vestigia Frammae section of his poems. These emotions ever so differ depending on the memory he is recalling to the place where it took place and even general differences surrounded by the way he feels about his late wife, Emma.To start with in the first poem The Going, Hardy shows feelings of guilt and blame towards Emma.The first line of the poem, why did you give no hint that night straight away shows that Hardy is blaming Emma for her own death when she didnt even know herself that she was going to die just that she was quite ill. In this poem Hardy doesnt show guilt straight out tho he does it by asking many a(prenominal) questions in the poem merely never giving any answers, it seems as if he doesnt, maybe even arset explain the way he feels due to Emmas death. Another emotion shown in this poem is displeasure, resentment for the fact that they did not speak and she died without him being able to say what she meant to him.I Found Her Out There is also one of Hardys poems that shows many emotions and some concerns of his about where Emma had been buried. Hardys main concern is the fact that he wants Emma to be in her childhood home of Cornwall where she love to be just instead she is buried in Wessex where they lived. In the poem Hardy says that he wants Emma to be where she once domiciled. This shows that Hardy wanted Emma to return to her home where she once was as he knows that she enjoyed her life there more than what she did in Wessex. Hardy uses the word creep to come across the way Emma would move underground, this seems to be an odd word to describe how the woman you love would move.In this case it seems as though he uses it to express his regret and how morbid it is without her but also morbid for him to remember that she loved Cornwall more than him and he knew that that was where she belonged no matter what. Hardy also uses to word shade to rep resent Emmas soul which also seems a little fantastical as it would be her soul that would move if anything was going to not her shade which to me means her shadow as she doesnt have one now. This to me represents that Hardy cant and maybe dont want to believe that she has gone and he will never be able to make things better between them and make her happy like she once was.Without Ceremony is also a good poem that shows a lot of Hardys emotions as I think it can be seen as his way of having a break down as he is being haunted by the past. This poem is address to Emma which shows that it means a lot to him and is rather sentimental but also it shows how strong and powerful his words are and how much they generally mean to him. The actually first line shows affection as he calls Emma, my dear, this however is not the way it was when she was alive. We can see from this that either he is imagining things or is deprivation how could have been.The poem to me shows a confession from Ha rdy as he says a lot of things that he never got a chance to say to her but always wanted to but also he lets out some of his grief and regrets. It also shows slightly how it used to be for them being together but never being with each other. For example, before I had thought thereon showing that he neglected her and wasnt there for her even when she needed him to be. Hardy even went as far to say that he inferred which to me is him telling himself that it wasnt all his fault but he is also questioning if they acted like a couple when they were around others but went their separate ways when no one was around.The last line of the poem, Good-bye is not worth while is a truly strong statement to finish on. This can shows a number of thoughts and feeling from Hardy, it could mean something as simple as it is exactly what Emma did as neither of them verbalise bye. But it could also mean how much of pretence their relationship was and how little it meant to Emma in his eyes. Lastly it could show his grief and regret of loving her but not being in love with her, as it shows that he had more to say to her and wished that he could now so to him for not doing that he doesnt deserve a good-bye from her.

Portfolios

Using Portfolios to Assess Professional Competence and Development in checkup Laboratory SciencesAbstractionBackgroundPortfolios have been recommended for the judgement of victor person maturation. To excite battle and assess original development during research lab conceptualization, portfolio judgment was proposed for the concluding twelvemonth BMLS and DMLT programmes in Kampala planetary University.Work DoneThe pupils under(a)going clinical research lab grooming in learning infirmaries, and engaged in everyday research lab services under supervising of qualified Medical Laboratory Scientists, composed a portfolio detailing their day-to-day experiences, survive done, and lessons learned. Their supervisors and facilitators provided day-to-day feedback and endorsed their entries. The portfolios were examined at the terminal of preparation by mental faculty staff and external tester through un compose presentation and interviews. Rating form of address considered qualit y of presentation, portfolio content, presentation of progressive development, and ability to do professional judgement. Students and assessors credenza of this instrument was determined with questionnaire.Consequences72 % of the pupils and assessors accepted the rule. Many pupils reported that it improved consignment to preparation, encouraged contemplation, and allowed for frequent feedback. Many believed that it was a rational appraisal, but it was clip devouring. 88 % of the participants would welcome it as a addendum to the criterion trials.DecisionsThe portfolio appraisal was good accepted, rational, and provided a valid appraisal of pupil battle and patterned discard during professional preparation.Take Home MessageThe inclusion of portfolio appraisal in Medical Laboratory Sciences Education provided valid appraisal of pupils battle in preparation and professional development oer clip.IntroductionThe usage of portfolios in wellness professions instruction has increased dramatically over the old ages. The enthusiastic credence of this rule is in portion born show up of the of all time turning involvement in results based instruction in all divisions of wellness science.1 The course of study of most wellness scientific disciplines schools now emphasize reliable experiences, promote self way and contemplation in acquisition, and results based appraisal. Portfolios non merely stimulate professional development and brooding acquisition, they as well provide chance for self way, and avenues for feedback from faculty.2, 3 Portfolios have been recommended for the appraisal of professional development in medical education,4 and several studies document their successful usage in appraisal of competency at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels.5,6 To excite battle and to measure professional development during clinical research lab preparation, portfolio development and appraisal was proposed for the concluding twelvemonth Bachelor of Medical Laborat ory Sciences and the Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology pupils of the Kampala International University, Uganda in 2008. This oblige reports the experience of the usage of portfolios to measure professional development in these programmes.MethodsInstitutional blessing for the survey was obtained from the IREC. Eighteen concluding twelvemonth pupils who were undergoing clinical research lab preparation in the instruction infirmaries at the Kampala International University Teaching Hospital Ishaka and the Mulago Hospital in Kampala and take parting in everyday day-to-day research lab work were requested to compose and keep a portfolio consisting inside informations of their day-to-day experiences, work done and lessons learnt during their preparation. Their supervisors and programme facilitators provided day-to-day feedback on their work and endorsed all entries. At the terminal of their clinical research lab preparation, the portfolios were examined by the four module staff and an external tester. The pupils were besides required to do a 15 proceedingss presentation based on the portfolio content, and take interview on lessons learned and overall impact of the preparation on their development. A evaluation rubric use for the appraisal considered the quality of pupil s presentation, portfolio content, presentation of pupil s progressive development over clip, and their ability to do professional judgement. Questionnaires were used to find the pupils and raters positions on the acceptableness, convenience, and utility of this method of appraisal. The informations were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively.Table 1 Rubric for the appraisal of the pupils portfoliosStandard metStandard non met1Presentation was complete in 15 proceedingss2Quality of presentation3Student showed progressive development over clip4Student reflected on experiences and could do good professional judgement5Portfolio content was equal6Overall appraisalBase on ballsFailGeneral rem arksConsequencesThe consequence showed that 70 two per penny ( 72 % ) of the pupils and assessors accepted the method as a valid and effectual agencies of measuring professional competency. Many pupils ( 15 of the 18 ) reported that it improved their committedness to the research lab preparation, and encouraged them to reflect on their day-to-day experiences. Both module and pupils reported that it allowed for frequent feedback and more battle in the programme. Many believed that it was a rational appraisal as it captured development over clip, but it was clip consuming and rather tasking on both pupils and staff. Eighty eight per cent ( 88 % ) were of the position that it should be a addendum and non a replacement for the standard written and practical trials.DiscussionThe development of portfolio as a tool for the appraisal of professional competency and development offers several advantages over the traditional criterion trials which to a big extent are reductionist and do non ca pture patterned advance over clip. Application of portfolio appraisal in Medical Laboratory Sciences instruction is non widespread and merely few studies are available in literature.7 This survey exhibit that portfolio development and appraisal is good accepted by both staff and pupils in the medical research lab scientific disciplines programme of the Kampala International University. An of import facet of medical instruction is the matching of assessment methods with larning manner, as assessment thrusts larning. Portfolio appraisal aligns good with competence based instruction whose dogmas include assimilator centeredness, formative feedback, developmental procedure, contemplation, and multiple types and beginnings of assessment.3 This survey demonstrated this clearly as it promoted pupil /staff battle in the clinical research lab preparation programme, pupils ownership of their preparation, and reflective acquisition which are some of the advantages highlighted by similar old studies of the usage of portfolio in other programmes.8, 9The survey besides showed that legion(predicate) of the survey participants would non welcome this signifier of appraisal as the lone manner of pupil appraisal. Rather it would be a valuable add-on to the traditional methods of appraisal of competency. The restrictions of this survey include the little sample size used for the survey. It is recommended that a larger sample of pupils be included in a more lavish survey perchance over a longer study period. To ease the load of appraisal, utilizing structured interview to measure the portfolio as recommended by Burch and Seggie 10 could be helpful.DecisionThe usage of portfolios to measure pupils advancement and professional competency in Medical Laboratory Sciences is a welcome proposition. It should be used to supplement the criterion written and practical trials. Its advantages include stimulation of pupil battle, self way, brooding acquisition, and monitoring of advancem ent over clip. It is nevertheless seen to be clip devouring for the pupils. Its debut extends the methods of appraisal in Medical Laboratory Sciences.Mentions1. Davis MHhttp //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B & A zwnj , Amin Zhttp //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B & A zwnj , Grande JP, ONeill AEhttp //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B, Pawlina Whttp //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B & A zwnj , Thomas R. et al.Case surveies in outcome-based instruction. Medical Teacher 2007 29 ( 7 ) 717-7222. Driessen, E. , Van Tartwijk, J. , Overeem, K. , et Al. Conditionss for successful brooding usage of portfolios in undergraduate medical education.Medical Education 2005 391230 -12353. Carraccio C. Portfolio Assessment The Key to Learner Centered-Education. Downloaded from hypertext transfer communications protocol //innovationlabs.com/r3p_public/rtr2/downloads/Portfolios % 20R3P % 20Group % 20Plenary.ppt. Accessed 13/01/2010.4. Fri edman Ban David M, Davis M H, Harden R M, Howie P W, Ker J and Pippard M J. AMEE Medical Education Guide No 24 Portfolios as a method of pupil appraisal. Medical Teacher 2001 23 ( 6 ) 535-5515. McCready T. Portfolios and the appraisal of competency in nursing A literature reappraisal. International diary of care for Studies 2007 44 ( 1 ) 143-1516. Izatt S. Educational positions Portfolios The following appraisal tool in medical instruction? NeoReviews 2007 8 ( 10 ) e4057. Thom & A eacute G, Hovenberg H, Edgren G. Portfolio as a method for uninterrupted appraisal in an undergraduate wellness instruction programme. Medical Teacher 2006 28 ( 6 ) e171-e1768. Lim J L K, Chan N F, Cheong P Y. encounter with portfolio-based acquisition in household medical specialty for maestro of medical specialty grade. Singapore Med J 1998 39 ( 12 ) 543 5469. Hadfield I, Murdoch G, Smithers J, Vaioleti L, Patterson H. Is a professional portfolio, as a record of continued professional devel opment, the most effectual method to measure a physical therapist s competency? New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy 2007, 35 ( 2 ) 72-83.10. Burch VC, Seggie JL. Use of a structured interview to measure portfolio-based acquisition. Medical Education 2008 42 ( 9 ) 894-900

Relationships in Forty-Five a Month and the House

Strong and Weak Relationships in Stories Relationships in stories are very important, to who the characters are and how they act. In the stories that were read the family kinds shown were both(prenominal) strong and short. Depending on how the characters act toward for each one other, it determines their consanguinity. The stories, Forty-five a Month and The House on the Border, both have very light-headed relationships, whereas the boloney, The Chi-lin Purse, has a very strong relationship. In a relationship one person sometimes depends on the other, just if the other does not support the other, it becomes weak.In the story, House on the Border, there was a very weak relationship between the main characters, the people that snuff it in the house and the authorities. The relationship is weak for many reasons. The authorities are not helpful to the people that live in the house. After a thief has sound broken into their house, the people that live there tie him up and go to the authorities. They go to different authorities, who just keep passing the responsibility of taking care of the situation on to the other one. Either all eight of us, my wife and I and the six thieves, go away spend the remainder of the year here, or they will include the house in one of the areas, thus enabling me to complain to the authorities. This shows a weak relationship because the people that lived on the house were very dependent on the authorities, just like any other citizen. This relationship is foreshadowing the authors sign on on the his countrys government and how they are not giving aide to the people in the country. That is also another role model of a weak relationship, and a more simple example would be between two particular characters.The story Forty-five a Month is a great example of weak relationship between two characters directly. Two of the main characters, Shanta and Venkat, represent a very weak relationship. Shanta is the daughter of Venkat, they have a weak relationship for a lot of reasons. In a daughter to father relationship, it is imagined that the two are to be considered close by spending time together. In this story the daughter to father relationship is broken apart because of the fathers work. The daughter cannot understand the fathers purpose for being devoted to work. I dont know if it is going to be possible for me to take her knocked out(p) at all- you see, they are giving me an increment. The father wants to spend time with his daughter, but he cannot because his job supports his whole family. It is also weak because of the broken promises that Venkat makes to Shanta. Venkat promises to take her to the movies, but he lets Shanta down because she expected a great night out with her father, and is now asleep at home and all dressed up. The promises being broken make it very weak. The Chi-lin Purse is a perfect example of a strong relationship.The relationship between Mrs. Lu and Hsiang-Ling in the Chi-lin Purs e is very strong because it taught a lesson and saved the characters. It taught the lessons of sacrifice and good karma. The lesson of sacrifice was taught to Mrs. Lu when she gave up her purse to the crying girl at her wedding. Also she was taught to sacrifice when she got her soup after the storm and then gave it away. If you have a chance to do something good, be sure to do it. Happiness will come back to you. The lesson of karma is taught when Mrs. Lu has sacrificed her things and was rewarded in return.All of that could not have been done without the strong relationship of two strangers, who in the end are both saved and rewarded, because they found each other. The stories, Forty-five a Month and The House on the Border, both have very weak relationships, whereas the story, The Chi-lin Purse, has a very strong relationship. The stories had strong and weak relationships, and they all represented them in different ways. The stories showed good examples through characters, foresh adowing, and lessons. Many other stories have both strong and weak relationships.

Dbq12: the Industrial Revolution: Beginnings Answers

atomic takings 101 1 This document would help meet the geographical/resource dissever for the essay question essentially, England had coal which powered machines, fight which created the machines and wool which the machines made into thread and then textiles. If the map is to scale, it is easy to infer that the resources were fairly destruction to canals or ports which meant less expense and faster shipping to the factories. DOC2 This document supports the geographical/resource paragraph for the essay factories needed a large, mobile population to work in the factories.DOC3 This document supports an excogitation paragraph because the idea of the assembly line was graduation used in the textile mills to increase production. This document could also be used to support the resource paragraph because if there were not so many people available to work in the factories, then there would not be liberal people to man the assembly line. DOC4 This document aids the resource/geograph y paragraph as it discusses the coal, iron and wool resources proximity to ports and rivers. These waterways pick out down on shipping time and cost, as land shipping is usually more than costly due to the length of time it takes.Because thee resources are close together, they can also be easily experimented with, due to the lower shipping costs. DOC5 This document would support an innovation/scientific paragraph as it focuses on how English thinkers are able to work on their inventions. DOC6 This document can be used in an innovation paragraph as it focuses on what inventions produced which results. It could also be used to support a resource paragraph as it infers that with these inventions, less people were needed to work, so more people were available to work in factories.It could also be used to support a factory paragraph as it describes the inventions that created the first textile mills, the first industry in England. Doc7 This document could support an innovation paragrap h due to the improvements in agriculture which are able to support a growing number of city dwellers due to increased harvests. It could also support a resource paragraph as it infers that less people are needed on farms to plant and harvest crops therefore, people are available to work in factories. Doc8This document would support a resource paragraph as it describes how farms create more diet and infers that more people are available for other jobs. It could also support a political paragraph as it states that Parliament id not interfere with the integrating of land into large farms. Doc9 This document would support a political paragraph as it states that Englands freedom in politics and economics, as compared to other countries wish well France and Germany where businesses are strictly regulated and shipping costs are prohibitive toward industrial development, led to its status as being the first country to industrialize.

Our Changing Society

Our manhood is a ever-changing place it is constantly growth new characteristics in culture, visual aspects and history. As it changes, many views ar lost and may never be found again. Freedoms and rights atomic number 18 world tested, and sometimes lost. The world as we know it is changing rapidly for the worse because hate and violence are on a social high as people are inflicting attacks on each other fueled by hate, aggroups of people are organism discriminated against and people are being labeled for what they are, non who they are.Discrimination and hate are spread around like greetings in the world today. sorts of people such as the gay community are having their rights put before the States on trial. Something that should never happen has, and continues to unfold before our very eyes. A quote from The Bill of Rights No state shall make or enforce any faithfulness which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States nor shall any State dep rive any some one and only(a) of heart, liberty, or billet, without due process of law nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws. That simple quote may mean many things to some, and yet nothing to others, but state of wars have been waged, lives have been lost, property and items set asideed over it. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, yet it seems that sentence has been ignored. The calcium ballot proposition, Proposition 8 broke that. The proposition eliminated the right for same-sex couples to marry, thus making rights unequal for a growing population of people. This example of discrimination is widely one of many.People are discriminated against because of skin color, country of origin, physical have the appearance _or_ semblanceance, social standing, and moral beliefs. Racism is a major form of discrimination. Racism has many definitions, some being preju dice, violence, discrimination or oppression. This form of discrimination is extremely hypocritical as everyone is different and in that respect is no superior race. Often, American groups who will hate, or attack others because of country of origin are hypocritical in the sense that America is a country made of extremely diverse people.The United States of America is one of the most ethnically, culturally diverse places in the world. Groups are indifferent and everyone within, and without its borders should be treated equal. Hearing about an attack on a group of people or their place of dwelling is a common event, and rarely shocking anymore. Attacks are made simply because of hate or because someone is different. These attacks appear on many levels and in many forms. It can start as someone physically beating someone in an alley, or a adolescent starting a fight in school. These can then escalate to large scale attacks, rampages, killing sprees and wars.The United States of Ameri ca and its allies began the Iraq War on alleged thoughts. Prior to the war, Iraqs alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction was claimed to pose a threat to the security of the United States. After the invasion, The US- led Iraq Survey Group concluded that Iraq had ended its WMD programs in 1991 and had no active programs at the time of the invasion. Some may argue this war has brought change to Iraq however, the number of casualties on all sides is mind blowing. The Holocaust was the genocide of approximately six million Jews during World War ll.Other groups were persecuted and killed including the Roma Soviet civilians, Soviet prisoners of war ethnic Poles the alter gay men and political and religious opponents. The total number of victims would be between nine and eleven million people. The fact that people would be killed because of life style or beliefs is disgusting. People should learn from history, so that it will not repeat itself. The world today is a changing plac e because people arent eruditeness from the horrible events that have happened and continue to unfold, and they are not trying to stop them. Labeling is a horrible thing.A person will label another because of the way they look, colloquy, act, or simply the financial standing of themselves or family. Labeling divides people. Everyone is equal, yet different. Difference is what makes the world exciting, life worth nutriment. If everyone was forced to do the exact same thing talk the same, dress the same, have the same hair, life would be extremely boring Labeling can start in small degrees such as children on a playground calling one child fat, weird or stupid. Then it grows to a larger High School students dividing each other. Labeling who is a geek, emo, fake, who is popular etc.Then it can grow into the entire world where one community of people is labeled simply because they do something different than the group who is telling them what they are. People should not be ignored, hated or told to change because they are different. In many cases, they cant change who they are, and shouldnt have to. No one should be told who or what they are. No one should change for anyone but themselves. Some may argue that the world is changing in a good way, however, that change for the better isnt good enough and it is being smothered by the horrible events which take place.Humanitarian efforts are being forged throughout the world to try to change things. Medical aid is delivered to places in beggary like Africa. Before the side of good is seen, the reason for which this aid is required must first be observed. If so much hate and violence wasnt an issue, there would be no need for all of the lives lost and the money and resources required to help an effort like this. Many people will argue that war technologies are important and necessary, are all the lives lost necessary as well? Entire villages and cities have been completely wiped out because of weapon technology.Are all the lives and resources lost, to obtain this protection from one group to another worth it? There are people worldwide who live in fear because of weapons and war technology. The parents of children taken away, entire lives lost and the thing that causes it? Simply the click of a button. The amount of power that can be put into the hands of one human being is awesome and horrifying. One person can have the power and resources to erase an entire race of people forever. These reasons are why the world is changing for the worse, and the arguments pledged by some do not play out.Change is inevitable. It has always happened, and always will. It will continue to develop, and lose features that will never be seen again. New cultures and ways of living will be seen. New places will be explored while some may be ignored. Unless something unforeseen happens, people will continue to hate and destroy each other possibly leading to the end of the Human Race. Hate is something that destroy s people. If it doesnt stop, the world will continue to spiral downward. Our society and world are changing for the worse and something needs to be done.

Think Before You Act

Think Before You Act Every mean solar day someone loses a person dear to them. You never know if it will be your last day here in this world. We all just live day to day and dont realize tomorrow could be our last. Its even worse when it could moderate been prevented. Choices we make can impact our lives and individuals around us. People understand things happen for a reason, and that God has a plan for all of us. We wont know the truth until something tragic happens each of us. June 24, 2011 was the day that I baffled a close friend forever. I remember that day like it happened yesterday.You dont for give out days like that when your life changes forever. The night of the accident, a young man decided to leave a bar and drive with his blood alcohol content over three times the legal limit. He ended up driving the wrong way on the highway and collided head-on with another vehicle. Both drivers were pronounced dead on the scene. My friend was a victim of a drunk driver. He graduate d from high school two weeks before his death. Not even eighteen grades old and lifelessness had a life to live. Bryant Hernandez was an individual who left a mark on everyone he came in contact with.You wouldnt think a seventeen year old would have a huge impact on people he came across, but he did. Bryant did everything he could to put a smile on your face. He seemed to always know what to say to cheer you up. I met Bryant when I was a senior in high school. Since I had to have an elective I ended up taking a child development class. Walking through the class I noticed that we were all little girls except for one. He was academic session at a table alone and looking very uncomfortable. I would feel awkward to taking a child development class with a bunch of girls.Bryant looked in my direction when I started to approach him. Do you mind if I sit with you? I asked. Well you are already sitting rout so I guess I dont have much of a choice. Bryant said with a smirk on his face. I couldnt help but laugh. I knew from that secondment I was going to like having him in this class. Eventually it turned out to be one of my favorite classes. He was my go to guy for everything. Bryant knew how to make me feel better when things got tough. At the time small things like that werent that important.But now I would give anything to go choke off and cherish those moments with him. Its been over a year since the accident and Ive realized choices you make can have major consequences. When I was a teenager I made stupid decisions like the guy who killed my friend. I didnt think just about anyone else. All I cared about was having fun and living in the moment. I didnt care when people told me not to drive home drunk. Well living in the moment doesnt get you anywhere. You may get away with it a couple of times but eventually it will catch up to you.After his death I thought a lot about my actions. Watching his parents say there last words to him and how tired they looked , I couldnt imagine what they went through and what they are still currently going through. I imagined how my parents would react. I cant help but want to cry. It makes me sick to know how selfish I was when I was younger. Bryants death was a wakeup forecast for me and hopefully several others. Driving drunk will never cross my mind again. With everything I do now I take a moment to think about it and to make sure that it is the right decision to make.I know Bryant is looking down smiling and saying About time you changed, you hard headed girl My friend may not be here anymore but him passing on made his family and friends realize things you love can easily be taken away from you in a flash. Selfishness is very common and realizing that our actions can affect our own lives and the people we love so dearly. If moments can be prevented accordingly prevent them. Teaching others to think before they act can impact a lot of people from making the wrong decisions. In time everyone with have their own personal reality checks some faster than others.

Debriefing importance

question jumpicularly focusing on the role of debriefing In pretext based learning. quick before I begin, could you raise your hand if you have taken part in a debrief post simulation,.. L know for at least the past two years I personally have taken part in debriefing, after every scenario completed in class, macrocosm from Sonnys cardiology bleed to Brains trauma subject. Alright lets begin Slide 2.What we cover In this presentation we will cover What debriefing Is We will talk about aspects of briefing as well as defining the term We will cover examples of debriefing in the workplace as well as deliberate what happened in those examples. And in the long run we will discuss the positives that can be taken from a well structured debriefing session. Slide 3. Defining In this context, debriefing Is a part of the reflection process that follows a simulation experience led by a facilitator.Feedback is provided on the simulations participants performance while positive aspects of t he completed simulation are discussed with reflective thinking encouraged. Debriefing Encourages reflective learning, which allows the participants to link theory to practice and research, think critically, and discuss how to intervene professionally in complex situations Slide 4. pretence Learning example learning is an activity that mimics reality. It is designed to emulate real life problems in which the patient may be presenting with.Simulation learning has been used for a long time in the health care field as it helps consolidate and enhance clinical skills, critical thinking, problem solving and decision making. Simulation learning provides a safe environment for learning and for the further development of kills. Slide 6. How to debrief So how do you debrief Well there are several strategies that exist such as the GAS model and the Tanners Clinical Judgment Model. These strategies are designed so that the student can reflect in a group on what happened, why it happened and what they would do If placed In a similar situation.For debriefing to be successful It expects to be centre on outcomes and objectives so that the simulation Is controlled and has meaning to the participants. Slide 7. Facilitators Role The Facilitator Role is to control and mediate the discussion. They need to provide sociological safety by being trustworthy, respectful, and confidential. Facilitators need to provide honest feedback to the students and develop debriefing skills to Slide 8. Debriefing Environment The debriefing environment needs to be Positive, non-threatening, respectful and confidential.A good expression to perform a debrief is with all participants and facilitators at the same eye level. In the subject CLICKS videotaping was used as part of the debriefing process, as the participants could analyses and critical review how they performed. The facilitator should encourage the participants to talk and discuss linings, events and transfer of knowledge between par ticipants and the rest of the group. It is also recommended that the debriefing takes place in a different location to the simulation as the participants need to distance themselves from the role they played in the simulation.Slide 9. Timing of Debriefing Debriefing should be conducted straight after simulation, so participants thoughts and emotions are present. Debriefing is crucial for development with the debriefing often lasting longer then the simulation. The majority of the debrief should be used or discussion and analysis of events as this is where the majority of learning comes from. Initially you should explore feelings and reactions to what occurred during the simulation followed by the transfer of why the events happened and reflection.Following a debriefing model such as GAS or Tanners Critical Judgment Model allows both the facilitator and students to Justify and elaborate on their treatment plan while also reflecting on what could be performed next time. Having sound d ebriefs post simulation can be effective to everybody involved as it provides insight into the students clinical decision making skills and provides them with feedback of positives as well as things they need to improve on.

One Door Closes as Another Door Opens

oneness Door Closes, as other Door Opens Growing up in San Diego, California in a full blooded Portuguese family, complete with the grandparents from the old country and the western more contemporary parents was a truly colorful upbringing. My grandmother and mother had many old wives sayings and tales that were the foundation of they way the reacted to action. Although raised in the fear and guilt that is k at a timen as the Catholic religion, my mother always reminded me that even when something bad happens, something smashing ordain come of it. Now in my Christian invigoration, our Pastor Aaron refers to it as When one verge closes, another will open in its place.In this reflective paper I will describe how my invigoration experiences, some which were tragic and traumatic and closed that chapter in my life, many times a new adit opened, usually with a more positive outcome. Child molestation, becoming a widow at 26 socio-economic classs of age, and alcoholism are just a few of the obstacles I endured in my life. I will explain how some marvelous experiences evolved from these obstacles. I was raised in family of four daughters. I was the second youngest and considered the substance child. My two older sisters were seven and 8 years older than me.My mother use to say it was wish raising two daughters, two at a time. By the time my older sisters married and go out, my junior sister and I were just stgraphicsing adolescence. My siblings and I cohabitated in one small chamber with two sets of bunk beds in our small two bedroom home. My father was a hard make waters painting contractor and my mother was a stay at home housewife. My father drank free-and-easy, and my mother pass her years meticulously cleaning our home. My childhood memories were full of large family get togethers with aunts and uncles and all the cousins, grandparents and other Portuguese friends.The women would cook cultural cuisine and the men would play cards, gather arou nd and play musical instruments let on care the guitar, mandolin, and drums. My father played the spoons and bones that were carved from ivory. My father was the comedian, center of attention, and the guy who would put the lamp shade on his head subsequently a few beers. I have shared that personality trait with him since I was very young. My sisters and I would sing and dance for the large gatherings. As a young girl, maybe eight years old, I remember reading a National Geographic Magazine inventionicle nigh Oregon.I told my mother I was going to live there some day. The tall trees and the mountains of green versus the San Diego hills of houses piled on meridian of one another, was very pleasing to me. Even at that young age, Hollands personality theory of race satisfaction (Witt and Mossler, 2010) was apparent. My need for self expression came out by dint of drawing pictures of those beautiful mountains and sharing them with my friends and family. I was already leaning to wards the artistic and social aspects of his theory. When I was around 11 years old a neighbor who was in his forties sexually molested me.His wife could not have children, so they would invite me and my jr. sister for sleep overs. She had no clue the molestation was happening. She was always so sweet and caring to us. I was so terrified to go over there any more that I started making excuses. Having to give up my interaction with her is my number 1 memory of a door closing. I started to become rebellious as the anger and resentment ate me up inside. Alcohol became my escape at the early age of 12. I would sneak vodka from my dads liquor cabinet, and take it to middle school to put in my lemonade at lunch. My world was closing in all around me.It was in 8th grade that I had an art class that opened another door to me. I would engulf myself in that class everyday and work hard on projects at home. I had found a release for the anger, and a way to line it into something positive. I was modifying my behavior without realizing it. Art became a prevalent part of my life. I would write poetry which was my sorting of a journal and I would draw for hours on end. It was in extravagantlyschool school where I met my first adore. I had run away from home after an argument with my parents and stayed at a friend of my younger sisters house.His parents were understanding and let me stay there for a week. My parents knew where I was at, and they probably welcomed the fly the coop from me, as much as I did from them. I fell head over heels for him. The closeness and love was so grand. I had not been that happy since I was a smaller girl. We stayed together for two wonderful years. I began to trust again which opened another door that was once closed. I graduated high school with a 4. 0 GPA and wanted to join the military. That dream would change when I met my first husband. mack and I met at a co op softball game that some friends took me too.He was muscular and ath letic. We flirted a bit. I started to have those warm fuzzy fingerings again. We go in together after dating for 6 months. My parents were furious, exclusively I was an adult. He had been to Oregon for a summer and I was fascinated with his stories. That same year we loaded up the Volkswagen bug and headed to Oregon. Mac wanted to be a fisherman so we move to Newport. We gave birth to our daughter April in 1976 and my son Smokey in 1977. Life was hard but we managed to get by. In 1980, Mac had inflexible he wanted to go to Alaska for a season because the currency was much expose up there.He left in May of that year, came anchor to bet me and the kids for my birthday in June and headed back up in August. That was the last I saw of him. He drowned on Labor Day weekend, 2 days before April was to start Kindergarten. Smokey was 4 years old. Needless to say, the children and I were devastated. How were we going to live and how on dry land was a 26 year old mother of two going t o survive? I moved inland to the Willamette Valley and started our new life. It was then that my career in the diet and beverage industry came into play.I had worked a few waitress and bartending jobs part time, but now I had to make all the income to support us. Mac hadnt paid much into Social Security so that check was more like a stipend than enough to live on. I worked and worked sometimes 2 and even 3 jobs to get by. I finally got a great fulltime, good paying job at the Red Lion hunting lodge as a pantry chef. This door helped to strengthen my artistic and social characteristics even more. Creating beautiful food was an art form and the plate was my canvas. All the colors and placement of the final product was very satisfying.Having a network of co workers really enhanced my social life. I was moving on and becoming the person I wanted to be.. happy. My children were now in high school and growing into their own wonderful beings. I withal worked 2 nights a week as the Karao ke hostess at the Inn. That job was a great outlet for my self expression and social life. I gained the courage to audition for a local band and became the lead singer and keyboard player. Another door opens. Both of my children graduated and moved on. My daughter went on to Oregon State University and my son went to work installing home and auto audio systems.I moved back to the coast because my younger sister, who had since moved to Oregon, was going through a rough time. Her husband was losing his battle with cancer. He died later that year. It was while living in Waldport, Oregon, that I posted an ad in the matchmaker dent of a local newspaper. I was lonely. It was there that I met my last husband. We dated for a while and life seemed pretty good. We ended moving in together where he owned a home in Lebanon. So back to the Valley I went. I obtained a job as a instructors aide working in the title one program with elementary school students.I also coached the high school cheer leading squad. Life was going wellor so I thought. My husband became very controlling and pressured me into getting a better paying job. He had a great job and money was never an issue, but he was extremely materialistic. He convinced me that I should become a Realtor, so I took the course, received my license and sold real estate for 8 years. The verbal and now physical abuse had escalated. I finally packed my bags, filed for divorce and moved out. That door slammed shut By now I had become pretty numb to bad things happening in my life which I had little or no control over.Once again alcohol reared its ugly head in my life. This went on for round a year when I finally decided I had had enough. I started writing my thoughts again and decided I am going back to school. I was 52 years old. I enrolled at a local community college and focused on academics for the first term. Then I signed up for a couple of art classes and that became the door that opened up my life so dramatically a nd positively. My creative juices were flow rate again. I had my self- confidence back, and I was expressing my artistic and social self again.I entered several of my works in art shows and won a few awards. I felt like I was back on top. I recall that even though I had some terrible life experiences that I will never forget, they all opened up doors for me to grow and become the woman I knew God had created me to be. Divorce much leaves emotional scars that last a long time. Both men and women usually experience emotional challenges after divorce, including loneliness, lower self-esteem, worry about the incoming, difficulty forming new relationships, fear of failure in new relationships and notion (Amato, 2006).I can honestly say I have experienced all the above mentioned, but I am involveing to cope effectively and the impact has lessened for me. My goals for my future are emphasizing the impressiveness of an education to my grandchildren, accomplishing and receiving my Bac helors in Fine Arts with the focus on Early Childhood Education and development what I have learned to teach art to children and to volunteer teaching art to senior citizens.I feel with my artistic and social personality characteristics as explained by Hollands theory, (Witt and Mossler, 2010) that I will have the hazard to make a difference in the lives of children. Art and the expression of art have saved my lifenumerous times. Another door that has opened for me is very exciting. I have reconnected with my first love from high school on face book. He still lives in California and we talk and text everyday on the phone. He will be visiting me soon. We have rekindled our love and I truly believe that we are going to be together again.With all I have learned from my past relationships I feel this will be the best ever Relationship history is not your relationship future (David Niven Ph. D). Your Relationship future is not limited by your experiences of the past or by your disappoi ntments of the past. You can learn from your experiences and avoid mistakes of the past. In conclusion, I have learned a great deal about myself through my life experiences. I know that I am a strong, resilient individual.I have had numerous oppose circumstances happen in my life, several of which were beyond my control. I did manage to survive them all, and grew from this multitude of trials and tribulations. science has prevailed and blessed my soul and heart. I embrace the adventures that lie ahead. When one door of happiness closes, another opens (Helen Keller) but often we look so long at the closed door that we do not see the one which has opened for us. I have learned to move forward through the open door and to welcome all that it has to offer.

How are social change and changes in knowledge linked?

It impart then proceed by contending aspects of genial deepen in history, in particular how changes after the 2nd globe war ch all(prenominal)enged senile and tralatitious systems of cognition. In this discussion this essay will focus on two dominant systems of fellowship, medicine and faith, and in what modality the changing role of women in friendship has challenged these intimacy systems. With regard to organized religious belief this essay will also discuss the development of modern age beliefs in todays order with relevance to the question is religion in rectify? This essay will aim to practice relevant examples in this discussion in order to reach a conclusion of the link between social change and changes in cognition in our fellowship.So lets begin by answering the question what is fellowship?All knowledge is produced, collected, collated and disseminated by human beings living in societies. (G hoarblatt 2000). It is inherited by the language we learn in ou r daily lives. We use many different sources of knowledge in order to understand where weCome from, who we be and the corporation at bottom we live it shapes what we know and what we dont know.It is the social structures and institutions in spite of appearance society, which shape the content of knowledge systems, be it in medicine, religion, the governmental ideologies and so on. They decide who holds the power in within these knowledge systems. They determine, for example, who has access to specialised knowledge languages (like checkup training) and who has socially sanctioned and legal authority to make pronouncements on a given subject.(Goldblatt 2000). Aside from specialized or expert knowledge there is also a different type of knowledge know as common reek knowledge. This is knowledge, which we all inherit or learn from family and friends, or acquire through outside influences accessible to us such as media or the Internet. It helps us understand or encourage electi on knowledge on issues such as our health for example. It often comes in the shape of old wives tales, which take aim been passed down through generations.The dominant knowledge systems such as medicine religion and so on are not fixed however and when social change occurs, they are forced to react to these changes, and in consequence it is also knowledge that can then influence change in society and determine how we live our lives.Throughout history society has seen many radical changes within its dominant knowledge systems. Wehave witnessesed major advances in scientific research, medicine, changes in traditionalistic religious beliefs and challenges to the dominant political ideologies, particularly avocation the Second World War.One of the foremost debates today is whether or not there has been a decline in the trust of expert knowledge within all aspects of society. in that location have always been experts with specialized knowledge even in ancient times. However years ag o experts in their sports stadium be it science, medicine or religion were always trusted their knowledge was respected and believed as true, scientists, doctors, priests and the like. Although they were never tout ensemble unchallenged the authority of their knowledge was secure. However it could be contendd that at this time battalion had no way of acquiring the knowledge to know any different and had no reason to challenge the experts.In time however new discoveries in science, medicine, and with new communication technology evolving all the time in all aspects of society, allowed people much much access to utility(a) knowledge and information. With this new knowledge people began to remove questions and have their say regarding issues of importance to them. Also new experts were emerging all the time to challenge old knowledge systems. Debates that were once confined to a small circle of influential figures and institutions within each of these traditions are now amplifie d throughthe enormously expanded nub of communication that now exists (Goldblatt 2000)It could be fair to plead then that it is not so much that there has been a decline in the trust of experts just that the old and traditional and trusted knowledge systems have become more diverse due to the protrude of alternateforms of knowledge within society, for example, alternative medicine, new political ideologies and so on.Following the 2nd world war feminism had a huge impact for women in all spheres of society. Science, medicine and religion, had largely been dominate by men throughout history. Women had been pretty much excluded from all these dominant knowledge systems. It was men who held tops(predicate) patriarchy power within all aspects of society. This allows us then to not only question and discuss gendered knowledge but to also look at the interrelation between knowledge and power within these knowledge systems.Lets look at the at a feminist climb adopted by corn dodger Keller, with relevance to womens place within medical science. She contests that knowledge production is gendered and shaped by patriarchy within social structures in society.Modern science is based on a division of emotional and ingenious labour in which objectivity, reason and mind are cast as potent and subjectivity, feeling and spirit are cast as female. Science involves a radical separation of subject and object and at last the domination ofmind over nature. The result is a popular conception of science one that is more suited to men than women. (Fox Keller).An example of this is the Royal Society founded by Charles II in1662. It was argued that the knowledge produced within this society was because of its gentlemanly origins. They saw the importance of objective knowledge over subjective knowledge within the field of science and medicine. Womens knowledge at this time was devalued and relegated to folk medicine (Thompson and woodward 2000).It was due to the fact that wo men were excluded from higher fostering and therefore unable to attend medical universities, hence were unable to enter the medical field without training. superpower over Knowledge was used to maintain a structure in which women were systematically excluded from a male medical monopoly (Thompson and Woodward) Today however, due largely to the emerge of feminism, women now have equality with men in the medical profession, and other dominant knowledge systems such as religion.As with medicine religion similarly was dominated by the patriarchy power within society. In fact it wasnt until 1992 that women were finally accepted into the priesthood.In contemporary society women have challenged the patriarchy of old and traditional religious beliefs in favour of new understanding of religion and what itmeans for them. Many women now focus on a more weird beliefs, one movement dedicated to this is that of eco-feminism.Eco-feminism is a new term for an ancient wisdom. As women in divers e movements ecology, peace, feminist and especially health rediscovered the independence and connectedness of everything, they also discovered what was called spiritual dimension of action the realization of this interconnectedness was itself sometime called spirituality.The desire to recover, to regenerate this wisdom as a means to liberate women and nature from patriarchal destruction also motivated this turning towards spirituality.(Mies and Shiva, 1997, p,500).So it is fair to argue that due to social change brought about by the emerge of feminism women have challenged both gendered knowledge and the power of knowledge in medicine and religion.The rise of Eco-feminism however is just one of the many alternative or new age beliefs within religion today. Which begs the question of religion in contemporary society and whether it is in decline. Or could it be that as with the knowledge system of medicine or expert knowledge in general, religion has become so diverse due to socia l change and the emerge of alternative religious beliefs brought about because of these changes.Religion has changed significantly throughout history. Following the emerge of the Royal Society and the understanding movement throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, known as The Age of Reason, (Enlightenment), it was argued that Science replaced religion as the dominant source of knowledge(Woodward and Watt 2000)However religion has always played an important role for people within society due to the fact that unlike scientific knowledge it is religion, which helps us make sense of the moral issues that, can affect us in our daily lives.Social scientists debate into the question is religion in decline is known as the secularization thesis. Some argue that it is modernization, which is a threat to traditional religious thinking by citing new age beliefs as being responsible for this. Some argue that people now fill their time with other leisure activities instead. It is als o argued that other forms of thought have taken over religion such as science for example. The fact also that the UK is now a multicultural society means there are many diverse forms of religion apart from the church building of England.There are two main approaches in this debate positivist, whose approach is based on sight peoples behaviour toward religion. They use quantitative evidence such as questionnaires and surveys, which is argued may be limiting.The interpretative approach however would argue humans cannot be observed in the same way as objects. There aim is understand what religion or peoples beliefs mean to them and aim to explore those meanings from different perspectives.It can be argued that religion in contemporary society has become a significantly diverse knowledge system. heathen beliefs, womens challenge to patriarchal religion and the emerge of new age beliefs, be it alternative medicine or green issues have meant that the traditional Church of England the do minant form of religion any more.So in conclusion then this essay began by defining what is knowledge. It then proceeded by questioning expert knowledge with regard to social change. It then focused on two dominant knowledge systems medicine and religion and discussed how the emerge of feminism challenged the knowledge systems. Lastly it discussed briefly the role of religion in contemporary society and questioned whether it is in decline and the relevance of womens, ethnic and new age beliefs. It is fair to argue that the discussion in this essay does conclude that there is a significant link, not only between social change and knowledge but knowledge and social change.

When Help Turns to Abuse

I fuel remember the conversation as if it was yesterday. mend in a grocery store walking in the grocery aisle, I overheard a woman talking to a nonher woman and her husband. The part that caught my attention was the three-year-old lady claiming, I can masturbate you the cheese, milk, and eggs with my WIC, and all you ready to do is leaping me the money when we ply the store. I knew this wasnt right, so I made sure I was at the check-out counter to see if what I overheard was true.To my surprise, the young woman paid for things using a check like piece of paper and waited for the couple to leave the store. In the parking lot, I witnessed the young lady swelled the couple the bags that she left the store with and they turn over her some cash. For this and many other reasons I would like to propose that populate that receive this state positive assistance should have a time limit on how much they can receive. Doing research on the assistance that is afforded to individuals , I learned how and why these programs were implemented.For instance, the WIC (Women, Infant, and Children) program was established in 1968 after a convention of physicians described to the Department of Health, Education and well-being, and as well the USDA that young women, often pregnant, came to their clinics with various ailments that were caused by omit of food. Those doctors would prescribe the call for foods, with prescription acting like a food voucher (Women, Infant and Children. gov). In this new day and age the program isnt respected like in the past. The purpose of the program has taken a turn for the worse.Where the program fork ups women a chance for a better nutritional steering to feed their family, some take the route of scamming the government. Per the conversation I overheard, I use it as my of import point on why there should be a limited amount of time laid on this for both women and men. Right now women can receive this assistance until their child reaches the age of five. While not all women abuse the clay, the small amounts that do leave a nasty pill to repossess for those that dont. beingness put in the same category as a cheater give some mothers a bad rap.My proposal to put these people on a timetable whitethorn not seem fair to some, but it ordain give these women a chance to uphold feed their families and also give them a chance to be strike independent on themselves instead of the government. As long as these women bear on to have child after child before the first one reaches five, we the tax payers have to nutriment the system that is being abused. For each program the person is on, I propose that we give them knowledge and problem schooling. This will help them get off the program and develop a sense of worth. sooner of hand outs, let the government give hand ups.Making them accountable for more than just receiving a check or voucher will instill values in that person. Dont get me wrong, I do believe tha t we should help those that cannot help themselves. I believe that we shouldnt just give help without checking to see how the recipients argon doing with this help. While finding a clear cut way to pencil lead the applicants is a unattackable way to start with this help. For instance, if the social worker sees a trend that a person turns up pregnant six months from the end of benefits multiple times may send up blushful flags that the system may be abused by that person.This is a way of tracking and putting them in a category as maybe this person is abusing the system. As a taxpayer, seeing these people termination to work would be a great accomplishment. RN Eugenie Hildebrant, author of Impoverished Women with Children and no Welfare Benefits states, It is all important(p) that public health researchers investigate the experiences of the families for whom Temporary Assistance for Needy Families has failed (793). This comes from her opinion that the system isnt giving the famil ies the help they really penury.Helping them with education and a way off the system will help them more than the handout they are receiving. Families that want to better themselves will try to get off the program. Being undereducated and entering an under skilled workforce may cause more harm than good to the family. Realizing their children will grow up poor or in poor health they have no choice but to get back on the system. The main issue on this is at least(prenominal) they tried to make a go of it before they had to come back onto the program. Offering bloodline training may be a way to help families on the program.It would give them a sense of insolence in themselves and not the feeling of relying on the system for a chance to help their family. The training will get them off the program in two days with rail line training and the much needed education to have a well paying job. As far as Douglas Wolf, a research scholar at the International Institute for Applied System s Analysis states, Under radicaling or completely failing to report earnings to a welfare agency is a way of welfare fraud (The Dynamics of Welfare Fraud) (438).For the government to realize that some participants will this, then the system should have the right to monitor them. getting the applicants a job, the system will be able to monitor the pay for a year. This way if you continue to work plus receive assistance, the assistance can be cut if you are getting a steady paycheck. Once a steady paycheck is coming in, your assistance will be evaluated to bound if it will be terminated. If for some reason the job does not offer any type of checkup assistance for you or your children, the system will continue to pay you the medical portion.If you stay at the job for two years in good standings and you receive a good income then you will be cut from the program. Once you have been released from the program if you lose your job due to anything beyond your control you may reapply for assistance until another job can be found for you. If you have lost the job and it was because you were not in good standings with the employer, then the system will make you reapply and the assistance you receive should be abruptly term. They have already given you the skills needed to get a job so you shouldnt be able to rely on the system again long term.Pushing them to find another job should be the systems main focus on getting them back into society and providing for their family. Some may say what happens at the end of two years? It is tempting to pretend that if we just invested adequate resources, two years of intensive education and job training could make every angiotensin converting enzyme mother education and job training could make every single mother economically self-sufficient. But while that will sure be true for some, it will never be true for all. Unless we want another round of welfare reform that fails, we need to be realistic about the options open to us.Co ntrary to what many politicians claim, the big blockage to making single mothers economically self-sufficient is seldom the shortage of jobs. During recessions, of course, jobs are hard to find. When the economy is healthy, minimum-wage jobs are relatively easy to find. The problem is that a minimum-wage job will not make a single mother economically self-sufficient. There is endless controversy about how much money single mothers need to make ends meet. Absent fathers seem to imagine that these families can live on air.My proposal is the most liable(predicate) effect of time limits is that they will reduce the receipt of welfare benefits among single parents. The loss of welfare income tycoon improve outcomes for children and families by reducing the stigma of public assistance receipt. In a way, the U. S. welfare system actually makes poverty more attractive, perhaps even to those who would otherwise have been motivated to work and support themselves. Do not decrease their moti vation to work rather, give them the opportunity to participate more fruitfully in their society.The issue that comes with the WIC program and any other government program is why have it for people to abuse it? The program is in place to help those that need it the most. Unfortunately you have those that take benefit of the system as well as those who use the system to provide for their families. I have come to the realization that the programs should have limitations to it. As part of the working class, I feel that those on assistance should be given a time limit for being in the program. The system helps some, but those that take receipts should be punished.

The Great Trade Collapse: What Caused It and What Does It Mean

The nifty batch analyse What caused it and what does it mean? Richard Baldwin 27 November 2009 public job experient a jerky, severe, and synchronised tip in late 2008 the sharpest in recorded history and deepest since WWII. This ebook written for the grounds patronage ministers gathering for the WTOs Trade Ministerial in Geneva presents the frugals professions received wisdom on the dis think up. dickens dozen chapters, written by leading economists from across the globe, summarise the latest research on the causes of the collapse as advantageously as its consequences and the prospects for recoin truth.According to the emerging consensus, the collapse was caused by the sudden, severe and worldwidely synchronised hold of purchases, especially of durable consumer and investment goods (and their parts and components). The impact was amplified by compositional and synchronicity launchs in which outside(a) bring home the bacon chains tacticed a central role. The gr eat handle collapse occurred mingled with the third quarter of 2008 and the second quarter of 2009. Signs are that it has ended and reco genuinely has begun, but it was huge the steepest decrease of mankind allot in recorded history and the deepest fall since the huge Depression.The can was sudden, severe, and synchronised. A hardly a(prenominal) facts justify the label The spectacular Trade Collapse. It was severe and sudden orbicular mess has dropped onwards three times since WWII but this is by further the gargantuanst. As prefigure 1 shows, globose change flatten for at least three quarters during three of the conceptionwide quoins that guard occurred since 1965 the oil- knock recession of 1974-75, the inflation-defeating recession of 1982-83, and the Tech-Wreck recession of 2001-02.Specifically The 1982 and 2001 drops were comparatively mild, with growth from the previous years quarter reaching -5% at the near. The 1970s font was twice that size, w ith growth stumbling to -11%. Today collapse is much worse for two quarters in a row, world concern flows have been 15% below their previous year levels. The OECD has monthly selective information on its members real dish out for the past 533 months the 7 big(p)gest month-on-month drops among the 533 all occurred since November 2008 ( teach the chapter by Sonia Araujo and Joaquim Oliveira).Figure 1 The great trade collapses in historical thought, 1965 2009 Source OECD Quarterly real trade data. The great trade collapse is non as large as that of the Great Depression, but it is much steeper. It took 24 months in the Great Depression for world trade to fall as far as it degene assess in the 9 months from November 2008 (Figure 2). The latest data in the figure (still somewhat preliminary) suggests a recovery is downstairsway. Figure 2 The great trade collapses vs. the Great Depression Source Eichengreen and ORourke (2009), based on CPB online data for latest.It was synchronis ed All 104 nations on which the WTO reports data experienced a drop in both imports and exports during the second half of 2008 and the first half of 2009. Figure 3 shows how imports and exports collapsed for the EU27 and 10 early(a)wise nations that together account for three-quarters of world trade each of these trade flows dropped by more than 20% from 2008Q2 to 2009Q2 many fell 30% or more. Figure 3 The great trade collapse, 2008 Q2 to 2009 Q2 Sources WTO online database.Figure 4 shows that world trade in well-nigh all product categories were positive in 2008Q2, or so all were negative in 2008Q4, and all where negative in 2009Q1. The categories most marked by supranational return chains (Mechanical and electrical machinery, Precision instruments, and Vehicles) saw some of the biggest drops, and detailed empirics in the chapter by Bems, Johnson and Yi holds that supply chains were hit harder controlling for other factors. The chart, however, shows that the falls were by no m eans extraordinary large in these sectors.Figure 4 All types of goods trade collapsed simultaneously Source Comtrade database. Manufactures and commodities Trade collapsed across the board, but it is principal(prenominal) to distinguish between commodities and manufactures. The collapse in minerals and oil trade started from a boom time and fell faster than total trade (Figure 5). The reason was prices. Food, materials and especially oil experienced a steep put out up in price in early 2008 the boom ended in mid 2008 well before the kinfolk 2008 Lehmans debacle. The price of manufactures, by contrast, was rather steady in this period (Figure 6).Figure 5 The great trade collapse and values Food, oil, and manufactures Source ITC online database. Since food, fuels, and raw materials make up about a quarter of world(a) trade, these price movements had a big impact on aggregate trade figures. Countries myrmecophilous on commodity exports, in limited oil exporters, were among those that experienced the greatest drop in exports (see the chapters Africa by Peter Draper and Gilberto Biacuana, and by Leonce Ndikumana and Tonia Kandiero, and on India by Rajiv Kumar and Dony Alex).The drop in manufactures trade was also massive, but it voluminous mostly quantity reductions. Exporters specialising in durable goods manufactures saw a particularly sharp decline in their exports (see chapters on lacquer by Ruyhei Wakasugi and by Kiyoyasu Tanaka). Mexico, which is both an oil exporter and a participant in the USs manufacturing supply chain, experienced one of the worlds most severe trade slumps (see chapter by Ray Robertson). Figure 6 The great trade collapse and prices Commodity vs. manufactures Source CPB online database. CausesThe great trade collapse was triggered by and helped turn out the spherical economic slump that has come to be called The Great Recession. 1 As the left panel of Figure 7 shows, the OECD nations slipped into recession in this period, with the largest importing markets the US, EU and Japan (the G3) seeing their GDP growth plummet more or less in synch. The US and europium saw negative GDP growth rates of 3 to 4% Japan was hit far worse. Figure 7 The current recession, OECD nations and G3, 2007Q1 2009Q2 Note G3 is US, EU and Japan. Source OECD online data base. wherefore did trade fall so much more than GDP? Given the global recession, a drop in global trade is unsurprising. The question is Why was it so big? The chapter by Caroline Freund shows that during the four large, plazawar recessions (1975, 1982, 1991, and 2001) world trade dropped 4. 8 times more than GDP (also see Freund 2009). This time the drop was far, far larger. From a historical perspective (Figure 8), the drop is astonishing. The figure shows the trade-to-GDP ratio rising steeply in the late 1990s, before stagnating in the new century right up to the great trade collapse in 2008.The rise in the 1990s is explained by a look of factors including t rade liberalisation. A key driver, however, was the establishment of worldwide supply chains (manufacturing was geographically unbundled with various slices of the value-added process being injectd in nearby nations). This unbundling meant that the same value-added cover b secerns several times. In a simple international supply chain, imported parts would be change into exported components which were in turn assembled into final goods and exported again, so the trade figures counted the final value added several times.As we shall see, the presences of these senior highly integrated and tightly synchronised production networks plays an important role in the nature of the great trade collapse (see chapters by Rudolfs Bems, Robert Johnson, and Kei-Mu Yi, and by Andrei Levchenko, Logan Lewis, and Linda Tesar). Figure 8 World trade to world GDP ratio, 1980Q1 to 2009Q2 Source World imports from OECD online data base World GDP based on IMF data. Emerging consensus on the causes Econo mists around the world have been working hard to understand the causes of this unusually large and abrupt shut down of international trade.The dozen chapters in Part II of this book summarise all the key research most of it done by the authors themselves. They do not all agree on all points, but a consensus is emerging. When sales drop sharply and the great trade collapse was a gigantic drop in international sales economists look for demand wounds and/or supply piques. The emerging consensus is that the great trade collapse was mostly a demand shock although supply side factors played some role. The demand shock operated through two distinct but mutually reinforcing channels Commodity prices which tumbled when the rice bubble fall apart in mid 2008 continued to follow world demand in its downward spiral. The price movements and modest demand sent the value and volume of commodities trade diving. The production and exports of manufacturing collapsed as the Lehmans-induced s hock-and-awe caused consumers and firms to wait and see snobby demand for all manner of postpone-able consumption crashed. This second point was greatly amplified by the very particular nature of the demand shock that hit the worlds saving in September 2008. Why so big? This consensus view, however, is incomplete.It raises the question If the trade drop was demand driven, why was the trade drop so much larger than the GDP drop? The answer provided by the emerging consensus is that the nature of the demand shock interacted with compositional and synchronicity rigs to greatly exaggerate the movement of the trade-to-GDP ratio. Compositional effect The compositional effect turns on the peculiar nature of the demand shock. The demand shock was very large, but also focused on a narrow range of domestic value-added activities the production of postponeable goods, consumer durables and investment goods.This demand drop immediately, reducing demand for all related intermediate inputs (p arts and components, chemicals, steel, etc). The compositional-effect argument is founded on the fact that postponeables make up a narrow slice of world GDP, but a very large slice of the world trade (Figure 9). In a nutshell, the common cause of the GDP and trade collapse a sudden drop in the demand for postponeables operated with full push up on trade but diminished force on GDP due to the compositional difference.The large demand shock applied to the near-totality of trade spell only applying to a thin portion of GDP. Here is a simple example. 2 Suppose exports consisted of 90% postponeable (consumer and investment electronics, transport equipment, machinery and their parts and components). GDP, however, consists most of non-tradeables (services, etc). Taking postponeables share in US GDP to be 20%, the pre-crisis situation is When the sales of postponeables slumps by, say, half, the numerator falls much more than the denominator.Assuming that other continues growth in trade and GDP by 2%, the post-crisis trade to GDP ratio is Exports have fallen 44. 8% in this example, while GDP has fallen only 8. 4%. In short, the different composition of trade and GDP, taken together with the specific nature of the demand shock, has resulted in trade falling more than 5 times as fast as GDP. See the chapter by Andrei Levchenko, Logan Lewis, and Linda Tesar for a careful investigation of this logic utilise detailed US production and trade data they find that the compositional effect accounts for most of the US trade drop.The chapter by Joseph Francois and Julia Woerz uses US and Chinese data to argue that the compositional effect is key to apprehension the trade collapse. 3 Figure 9 Composition of world goods trade Source WTO online database for 2007. Synchronicity effect The synchronicity effect helps explain why the great trade collapse was so great in an even more direct manner almost every nations imports and exports fell at the same time. There was no(prenomi nal) of the averaging out that occurred in the three other postwar trade drops. besides why was it so synchronised?There are two leading historys for the remarkable synchronicity. The first concerns international supply chains, the second concerns the ultimate cause of the Great Recession. The profound internationalisation of the supply chain that has occurred since the mid-eighties specifically, the just-in-time nature of these vertically integrated production networks served to coordinate, i. e. rapidly transmit, demand shocks. Even a decade ago, a drop in consumer sales in the US or Europe took months to be transmitted covering to the factories and even longer to reach the suppliers of those factories.Today, Factory Asia is online. Hesitation by US and European consumers is transmitted almost instantly to the entire supply chain, which reacts almost instantly by producing and buying less trade drops in synch, both imports and exports. For example, during the 2001 trade coll apse, monthly data for 52 nations shows that 39% of the month-nation pairs had negative growth for both imports and exports. In the 2008 crisis the figure is 83%. For details on this point, see Di Giovanni, Julian and Andrei Levchenko (2009), Yi (2009), and the chapters by Rudolfs Bems, Robert Johnson, and Kei-Mu Yi, and by Kiyoyasu Tanaka.The second explanation awaits a bit of background and a bit of conjecture (macroeconomists have not arrived at a consensus on the causes of the Great Recession). To understand the global shock to the demand for traded goods, we need a thumbnail sketch of the global crisis. How the subprime crisis became the global crisis The Subprime Crisis broke out in August 2007. For 13 months, the world viewed this as a financial crisis that was mainly restricted to the G7 nations who had mismanaged their monetary and regulatory policy especially the US and the UK.Figure 3 shows that world trade continued growing agait in 2007 and early 2008. The crisis met astasised from the Subprime Crisis to the global crisis in September 2008. The defining routine came when the US Treasury allowed the investment bevel Lehman Brothers to go bankrupt. This shocked the global financial community since they had untrue no major(ip) financial institution would be allowed to go under. Many of the remaining financial institutions were fundamentally bankrupt in an accounting sense, so no one knew who might be next. Bankers stopped modify to each other and credit markets froze.The Lehman bankruptcy, however, was just one of a half dozen impossible events that occurred at this time. Here is a short list of others4 All big investment banks disappeared. The US supply lent $85 billion to an insurance company (AIG), borrowing money from the US Treasury to cover the loan. A US money market fund lost so much that it could not reelect its depositors detonator. US Treasury Secretary Paulson asked the US Congress for three-quarters of a trillion dollars based o n a 3-page proposal he had difficulties in answering direct questions about how the money would fix the problem. The hereto individuation US Securities and Exchange Commission banned short selling of bank stocks to slow the drop in financial institutions stock prices. It didnt work. Daniel Gros and Stephano Micossi (2009) pointed out that European banks were too big to fail and too big to save (their assets were often multiples of the their home nations GDPs) Congress said no to Paulsons ill-explained plan, promising its own version. As commonwealth around the world watched this unsteady and ill-explained behaviour of the US government, a massive feeling of hazard formed.Extensive research in behavioural economics shows that people tend to act in extremely jeopardy averse ways when gripped by hero-worshipfulnesss of the unk right offn (as opposed to when they are faced with risk, as in a game of cards, where all outcomes can be enumerated and assigned a probability). Fall 2008 was a time when people really had no idea what might happen. This is Ricardo Caballeros hypothesis of Knightian Uncertainty (i. e. the fear of the unknown) which has been endorsed by the IMFs chief economist Olivier Blanchard. Consumers, firms, and investors around the world decided to wait and see to hold off on postponeable purchases and investments until they could determine how bad things would get. The delaying of purchases and investments, the redressing of balance sheets and the switching of wealth to the safest assets caused what Caballero has called sudden financial arrest (a conscious credit entry to the usually fatal medical condition sudden cardiac arrest). The fear factor spread across the globe at internet speed. Consumers, firms and investors all feared that theyd find out what capitalism without the capital would be like.They independently, but simultaneously decided to shelf plans for buying durable consumer and investment goods and indeed anything that could be postponed, including expensive holiold age and leisure travel. In previous episodes of declining world trade, there was no Lehman-like event to synchronise the wait-and-see positioning on a global scale. The key points as concerns the trade and GDP collapse As the fear factor was propagating via the electronic press the transmission was global and instantaneous. The demand shock to GDP and the demand shock to trade occurred simultaneously. Postponeable sector production and trade were hit first and hardest. There are a number of indications that this is the right story. First, global trade in services did not, in general, collapse (see the chapter by Aditya Mattoo and Ingo Borchert). Interestingly, one of the hardly a(prenominal) categories of services trade that did collapse was tourism the ultimate postponeable. Second, macroeconomists investigations into the transmission mechanisms operating in this crisis show that none of the usual transmission vectors trade in goods, inter national capital flows, and financial crisis contagion were esponsible for the synchronisation of the global income drop (Rose and Spiegel 2009). Supply-side effects The Lehman-link sudden financial arrest froze global credit markets and spilled over on the specialized financial instruments that help grease the gears of international trade letters of credit and the like. From the earliest days of the great trade collapse, analysts suspected that a lack of trade-credit financing was a contributing factor (Auboin 2009). As the chapter by Jesse Mora and William Powers argues, such supply-side shocks have been important in the past.Careful research on the 1997 Asian crisis (Amiti and Weinstein 2009) and historical bank crises (see the chapter by Leonardo Iacovone and Veronika Zavacka) provide convincing evidence that credit conditions can affect trade flows. The Mora and Powers chapter, however, finds that declines in global trade finance have not had a major impact on trade flows. Wh ile global credit markets in general did freeze up, trade finance declined only clean in most cases. If anything, US cross-border bank financing bounced back earlier than bank financing from other sources.In short, trade financing had at most a moderate role in reducing global trade. Internationalised supply chains are a second potential source of supply shocks. One could sound off that a big drop in demand combined with deteriorating credit conditions might produce general bankruptcies among trading firms. Since the supply chain is a chain, bankruptcy of even a few links could get over trade along the whole chain. The chapters by Peter Schott (on US data), by Lionel Fontagne and Guillaume Gaulier (on French data), and by Ruyhei Wakasugi (on Japanese data) present evidence that such disruptions did not occur this time.They do this by looking at very disaggregated data (firm-level data in the Fontagne-Gaulier chapter) and distinguishing between the so-called intensive and extensi ve margins of trade. These margins decompose changes in trade flows into changes in sales across existing trade traffic (intensive) and changes in the number of such relations (extensive). If the supply-chain-disruption story were an important part of the great trade collapse, these authors should have found that the extensive margin was important.The authors, however, find that the great trade collapse has been primarily driven by the intensive margin by changes in pre-existing trade relationships. Trade fell because firms sold less of products that they were already selling there was very little destruction of trade relationships as would be the case if the extensive margin had been found to be important. This findings may be due to the notion of hysteresis in trade (Baldwin 1988), namely, that large and sunk market-entry costs criminate that firms are reluctant to exit markets in the face of temporary shocks.Instead of exiting, they merely scale back their operations, time la g for better times. Protectionism is the final supply shock commonly broached as a cause of the great trade collapse. The chapter by Simon Evenett documents the rise in crisis-linked protectionist measures. While many measures have been put in place on average, one G20 government has broken its no-protection pledge every other day since November 2008 they do not yet cover a substantial fraction of world trade. Protection, in short, has not been a major cause of the trade collapse so far.Prospects The suddenness of the 2008 trade drop holds out the hope of an as sudden recovery. If the fear-factor-demand-drop was the driver of the great trade collapse, a confidence-factor-demand-revival could equally drive a rapid return of trade to robust growth. If it was all a demand problem, after all, little long-lasting damage leave alone have been done. See the chapter by Ruyhei Wakasugi on this. There are give signs that trade is recovering, and it is absolutely clear that the drop has halted. Will the trade revival continue?No one can know the next path of global economic recovery and this is the key to the trade recovery. It is useful nonetheless to think of the global economic crisis as consisting of two very different crises a banking-and-balance-sheet crisis in the over-indebted advanced nations (especially the US and UK), on one hand, and an expectations-crisis in most of the rest of the world on the other hand. In the US, UK and some other G7 nations, the damage done by the bursting subprime bubble is still being felt.Their financial systems are still under severe strain. Bank lending is sluggish and corporate-debt issuances are problematic. Extraordinary direct interventions by central banks in the capital markets are underpinning the economic recovery. For these nations, the crisis specifically the Subprime Crisis has caused lasting damage. Banks, firms and individuals who over-leveraged during what they thought was the great moderation are now holdin g back on consumption and investment in an attempt to redress their balance sheets (Bean 2009).This could play itself out like the lost decade Japan experienced in the 1990s (Leijonhufvud 2009, Kobayashi 2008) also see the chapter by Michael Ferrantino and Aimee Larsen. For most nations in the world, however, this is not a financial crisis it is a trade crisis. Many have reacted by instituting fiscal stimuli of historic proportions, but their banks and consumers are in relatively good shape, having avoided the overleveraging in the post tech-wreck period (2001-2007) that afflicted many of the G7 economies.The critical question is whether the damage to the G7s financial systems will prohibit a rapid recovery of demand and a restoration of confidence that will re-start the investment engine. In absence of a crystal ball, the chapter by Baldwin and Taglioni undertakes simple simulations that assume trade this time recovers at the pace it did in the past three global trade contraction s (1974, 1982 and 2001). In those episodes, trade recovered to its pre-crisis path 2 to 4 quarters after the nadir.Assuming that 2009Q2 was the bottom of the great trade collapse again an assumption that would require a crystal ball to confirm this means trade would be back on scotch by mid 2010. Forecasts are never better than the assumptions on which they are built, so such calculations moldiness be viewed as what-if scenarios rather than serious forecasts. Implications What does the great trade collapse mean for the world economy? The authors of this Ebook present a remarkable consensus on this.Three points are repeatedly stressed Global trade imbalances are a problem that needs to be tackled. One group of authors (see the chapters by Fred Bergsten, by Anne Krueger, and by Jeff Frieden) sees them as one the root causes of the Subprime Crisis. They worry that allowing them to continue is setting up the world for another global economic crisis. Fred Bergsten in particular argues that the US must get its federal budget deficit in order to avoid laying the carpet for the next crisis.Another group points to the combination of Asian trade surpluses and persistent high unemployment in the US and Europe as a source of protectionist pressures (see the chapters by Caroline Freund, by Simon Evenett, and by Richard Baldwin and Daria Taglioni). The chapter by ORourke notes that avoiding a protectionist backlash will require that the slump ends soon, and that severe exchange rate misalignments at a time of rising unemployment are avoided. Governments should guard against compliancy in their vigil against protectionism.Most authors distinguish the point that while new protectionism to date has had a modest trade effect, things need not persevere that way. The chapter by Simon Evenett is particularly clear on this point. There is much work to be done before economists fully understand the great trade collapse, but the chapters in this Ebook constitute a first bill of exchange of the consensus that will undoubtedly emerge from the pages of scientific journals in two or three years time. Footnotes 1 See Di Giovanni and Levchenko (2009) for evidence on how the shock was transmitted via international production networks. This is drawn from Baldwin and Taglioni (2009). 3 Jon Eaton, surface-to-air missile Kortum, Brent Neiman and John Romalis make similar arguments with data from many nations in an unpublished manuscript go out October 2009. 4 See the excellent timeline of the crisis by the New York Fed. 5 Caballero (2009a, b) and Blanchard (2009). References Auboin, Marc (2009). The challenges of trade financing, VoxEU. org, 28 January 2009. Baldwin, Richard (1988). Hysteresis in Import Prices The Beachhead Effect, American Economic Review, 78, 4, pp 773-785, 1988.Baldwin, Richard and Daria Taglioni (2009). The illusion of improving global imbalances, VoxEU. org, 14 November 2009. Bean, Charles (2009). The Great Moderation, the Great Panic and the Great Contraction, Schumpeter Lecture, European Economic Association, Barcelona, 25 August 2009. Blanchard, Olivier (2009). (Nearly) nothing to fear but fear itself, Economics Focus column, The Economist print edition, 29 January 2009. Caballero, Ricardo (2009a). A global perspective on the great financial insurance run Causes, consequences, and solutions (Part 2), VoxEU. rg, 23 January 2009. Caballero, Ricardo (2009b). Sudden financial arrest, VoxEU. org, 17 November 2009. Di Giovanni, Julian and Andrei Levchenko (2009). International trade, vertical production linkages, and the transmission of shocks, VoxEU. org, 11 November 2009.Freund, Caroline (2009a). The Trade Response to Global Crises Historical Evidence, World Bank working paper. Gros, Daniel and Stefano Micossi (2009). The beginning of the end game, VoxEU. org, 20 September 2008. Kobayashi, Keiichiro (2008). Financial crisis management Lessons from Japans failure, VoxEU. org, 27 October 2008. Leijonhufvud, Axel (2009). No ordinary recession, VoxEU. org, 13 February 2009. Rose, Andrew and Mark Spiegel (2009). Searching for international contagion in the 2008 financial crisis, VoxEU. org, 3 October 2009. Yi, Kei-Mu (2009), The collapse of global trade The role of vertical specialisation, in Baldwin and Evenett (eds), The collapse of global trade, murky protectionism, and the crisis Recommendations for the G20, a VoxEU publication.