Two sociological theories and two psychological theories

Two sociological theories and both psychological theoriesThe Johnson family ScenarioIn this assignment I will search two sociological theories and two psychological theories imp coiffureing on the Johnson family. I sh entirely begin by exploring sociological theories analysing and delimitate them and in the second half of this assignment will then explore psychological theories. I will likewise look at the passkey interventions available in friendly figure. I shall endeavour to indicate their might and weaknesses incorporating their relationships to issues of syllabus, race, cultivation gender and sexuality. I will then reflect on the influence of these theories on my own development to achieve social take in schoolmaster status.Max Weber defined consensus as populateing when expectations close the demeanor of opposites argon realistic beca drill the others will usually accept these expectations as valid for themselves, even without an explicit agreement. For bolshy s, consensus is a highly ideological ideal used to perpetuate class rule by attempting to disguise the termination of conflict within fraternity. (Answers.com) Durkheim is known to gather in drawn an analogue of the functionalist pur visit view in which he said that society is a placement of interrelated parts apiece of which relies upon the other parts for efficient functioning.(Cunningham, J Cunningham,S).These institutions atomic number 18 essential for maintaining that society works harmoniously and orderly.The view of the functionalist is that the use of power is acceptable and generally beneficial to society. They sh are norms and determine which military answer them to determine the right from the wrong. There is an acceptance from the functionalists positions that conflicts will occur exactly will only be temporary and merchant ship quickly be resolved. Society should be adequately prepared to deal with instances of anti social behaviour so that society as a w hole benefits. In the functionalist post schools first role is to emphasise proper behaviour and companionship that is unavoidable to maintain a civilised society. According to the functionalist, the kidren in the Johnsons should so be sent to school to be equipped with this weapon and the accompaniment that they are truanting could easily be viewed as anti social behaviour.Karl Marx did non at all agree with capitalisms theories of consensus and in his writing highlighted the conflict theory, although acknowledging geomorphological integration of societys institutions much(prenominal) as political, legal or religious which he described as the superstructure. His view was that workers in the class dodge wish good Desmond a car mechanic and bloody shame a cook at a primary school were being exploited and that thither should be equality on control, power, wealth and the best education. Marxists felt that it was those with the means of work that had the power and therefore significantly influenced the rest of the society. This causes a difference of pass on-to doe with among social groups which in turn causes conflict. As both Desmond and bloody shame are running(a) this creates pressure on parenting skills and has probably forced Desmond to decide send Eustace to a residential home.Marxists perceive functionalists as deceiving as they say the norms and set which they claim are the backbone of society are infect their norms and values that only help to strengthen their positions perpetuating the unequal social system. Marxists argued that the workers were being replaced by machines in their roles of employment and this declarationed in them loosing their skills, assuming mo nononous jobs, separated from each other by the noise and would return home de human beingsised and physically exhausted. Marx believed the proletariat would realise the exploitation, join together and revolt overthrowing the system and establishing truthful systems.The Marx ists view of social work is that it is an agent of the state and as such reinforces the interest of the ruling class. Their view is that the state in capitalists societies saves the interests of the ruling classes and do not treat their citizens equally even in chances of welfare attend tos. They advertize state that the image of caring that they create is only a apologue which serves to enhance the profits of the capitalists that the social workers serve through with(predicate) with(predicate) the state. The Marxists do not see the necessity of the social control role of social work but an agent of state bent on socially dictatorial those that are already marginalised and excluded. In this view social workers tend to be ignorant of the poverty they are meant to be addressing from the society by empowering renovation substance abusers to take action and bring roughly change. The Johnson family appears overcrowded in their residence and this is associated with poverty. fond workers have found themselves working with tied hands as the system is tightly regulated and procedural thereby restricting social workers from exercise their knowledge.Functionalists viewed the institution of family to be the best organisational basis for society. Talcott Parsons (1955) insists that the family retains two basic and irreducible functions. These are the primary socialisation of children and the stabilisation of adult personalities. So this view will explain that for the family to maintain stability, it demand support to ensure recipeity. This perspective then explains that if there are signs of antisocial behaviour such as truanting then the family unit fatalitys to be supported. According to Murdock (1949) family performs four essential functions i.e. providing new members of the society by reproduction, providing stability for adults through sexual gratification, providing for the economical well being and educating the young to socialise into societys norms and values. Eustaces enquire and confusion could be viewed as hindering by the functionalists because it is touching Mary who they expect to be participating in the society both as a bring forth and a worker as it is the institute that will influence acceptable behaviour of children.Functionalists believed that the family is a corroborative institution, a view that meets well with the leads of an advanced industrial society. The functionalists would view Eustaces confusion as costing the society in price of health care for Mary and himself. Eustaces problems must be rectified in order to get Mary functioning well again and become productive in the society. Functionalists highlight the ideal family lawsuit in a modern society, as the thermonu resolve family. The view of the nuclear family comprises of a breadwinner husband ( in the scenario this would be Desmond) and dependant married woman and children. Mary cannot be classified as dependant as she is also working and earni ng.The functionalist view of the family as ideological is criticised as a conservative stance. any(prenominal) feminists criticise this view as being unrealistic as it does not recognise the oppression of women in families. However, they defend the claim that the functionalist view of family keep is shared by many people, if not only as an aspiration. The nuclear family is seen as traditional and positive. Marxism states that the family is a product of capitalism and is therefore an consumptive institution. They argue that families are not built upon love but are founded from necessity. Women therefore become the property of men and all roles within families exist in order to maintain a capitalist state.There are two classes in the society concedeing to Marxism. One is the ruling class and the other is the subject class. The Johnson family would be classified as a subject class and their employers like the garage owners where Desmond works would be the ruling class. This is un like by functionalist who claims that there are many classes in society and points to a division of labour.Eustaces situation is also causing friction between Desmond (a sustain and mechanic) and Mary thereby threatening the institution of family. However a Marxist would hold a different view putting the blame on Mary being over worked and thereby causing her to be depressed. They highlight the lack of care from the employers who do not pay well profuse keeping most of the profits to themselves prompting Mary to work ache hours.Desmond is said to be impatient with Eustace who he sees as stressing his wife at home while trying to do her job. This appears a functionalist view where Desmond is refer about Mary being disrupted in doing her job accordingly not able to contribute to the income.Mary and Desmond might have go to the UK in response to the big drive for workforce after the cosmea war. They were promised better lives with luxurious facilities only to realise when they a rrived in the UK that it was not the scale and they had to work extremely hard to earn a keep. Desmonds role would be to provide and Mary also performing this role as she also works. Caring for Eustace could be seen by Desmond as preventing Mary from performing the project expected within her role, a view that the feminists would regard as oppressive.Whilst diverse sociological school of thought tries to explain family circumstances and possible interventions that may assist families it is not adequate in itself. In this context I will now turn to psychological perspectives. The essay will take apart psychological theories of behavioural approach, which developed through the works of Thorndike (trial and error learning), Pavlov (classical conditioning) and skinner (operant conditioning) who all believed that the environment controlled behaviour.Behavioural theory is based on a scientific method (Banks, 2001. p. 73) and on what can be observed, studied, measured and faithfull y changed (Feltham, 1995 cited in Adams R, Dominelli L Payne M, 2002. p.144). It argues that internal states such as thoughts, intentions and feeling are not observable and replicable, hence are not open to scientific analysis, it aims to eradicate or reduce behaviours that are deemed problematic while positive behaviours are encouraged, an agreement between the value user and the practician through the ferment of positively reinforcing and rewarding consequences that a service user handle valuable. Payne (1997) in his token economies (Payne, 1997. p.133) argues that this helps reinforce and strengthen the desirable behaviour.This theory sees the behaviouristic assuming that most behaviour is learned as a get out of our interactions with our environment, including emotional development, perceptions of the external world, social behaviour and personality.Milner and OByrne (1998 p112) describes Classical conditioning occurring when there is an association of conditioned and unco nditioned stimulant drug such that the former fire up a response previously evoked only by the posterior. This was similar to Pavlovs (1911) conclusion in his famous Dog-Salivation-Experiment. If applied in this case study it would first try to identify the original stimulus, in this case, the acquittance of a loved one Susan, the response, Eustaces confusion and Marys anxiety and depression. Those associated with unpleasant or stressful feelings may become conditioned stimuli for feelings of anger and anxiety later on. (Birch A, 1997, p139).Another theory of behaviour Operant conditioning claims that learning occurs when willful behaviour arises from an individual and becomes more or less likely to be repeated depending on its results as demonstrated by Skinner (1953) in his Skinner-Box-Experiments with a cat and a pigeon. In the Johnson family scenario, Mary is a service user with depression and anxiety which Milner and OByrne argues ABC Approach (Milner and O Byrne, 1998. p. 114) is necessary in identifying and analysing the behaviour that needs modification in agreement with the service user. Mary has gone to see the doctor on her own accord and therefore there is an agreement. This would involve establishing the Antecedent (caring for her father and the family), and the consequences (depression and anxiety). The consequences will any strengthen or weaken behaviour by reinforcement or punishment (Payne, 1997. p. 114). In Marys case it is the depression and anxiety that is undesirable. The distinctive sign of operant conditioning relative to previous forms of behaviorism is that the organism ( Mary) can emit responses instead of only eliciting response due to an external stimulus (the practitioner). It is likely that Mary would respond positively if the right responses have been reinforced. behaviorism models are advantageous due to their easy adaptability and practicability by inexperient practitioners without extensive training than would be expecte d of a psychodynamic approach (Adams, R, Dominelli, L and Payne, M, 2002. p. 144) in facilitating an effective outcome. Payne (1997) also argues that the prescribed explicit, structured guidanceand judgment instruments employed (Payne, 1997. p. 134) gives unskilled practitioners the confidence to apply behavioural theory and procedures in interventions. My perception is that as behavioural intervention focuses on negative behaviour that needs modification, it is empowering the service user to choose and self determine the behaviours that need modification in partnership and therefore the practitioner is recognising and respecting individuality. The role of the practitioner is to facilitate and support the service user. Thus, labelling and making judgement on the service user is avoided and is then directed to the behaviour.Behavioural approaches have been criticised by most practitioners as being excessively mechanistic (Banks, 2001. p.73) and non-human (Payne, 1997. p.122) in ne arly of its methods, conducts and terms used, as they do not take into account service user individuality and will to choose. It is true that Mary would be different from other service users who would have used the same theory. The behavioural approach boilers suit intervention emphasis is on the need to change or restrict the client behaviour rather than those around the client who may be the problem. In the case scenario it is probably Desmond who we need to convince that Mary and Eustace need his understanding and cooperation as well as dealing with the fact that the family were not offered support to grieve and move on with liveness after the expiry of aloved one. Milner and OByrne (1998) point out that social workers tend to do as they find easier to change an individual than challenge the status quo (Milner and OByrne, 1998. fond regard has been defined as an affectionate bond between two individuals that endures through space and time and serves to join them emotionally K ennell 1976.John Bowlby described hamper as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings (Bowlby, 1969, p. 194). Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers had an impact lasting throughout their lives. big attachment theory helps Social Workers understand how people feel and act within close relationships, particularly in stressful situations.Attachment is not different in adulthood and in childhood as they all will give and receive support. Attachment relationships can be warrant or insecure.Attachment is clearly influential in both professional and personal settings. As a Social Worker knowing about the attachment theory can help to make the right go in order to protect the child and the family.Mary Ainsworth expanded greatly on Bowlbys original work with behaviour experiment which she named Strange Situation. In the study children between 12 months and 18 months were left alone with a stranger with the mother returning a mom ent later. The study revealed cardinal major styles of attachment secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment and avoidant insecure attachment. A after part one was later added on by researchers Main and Solomon called disorganised insecure-attachment.It is clear that Mary has a bond with her father and hence his condition is affecting her psychologically. The fact that Mary and Desmonds relationship seemed to be strained by having Eustace living with them shows that they are experiencing lack of intimacy support for one another.The scenario mentions the death of Susan in the family and appears that Eustace, Mary and the Kids have been affected. Loss through death is a normal part of look experienced by ein truthone. The grief handle varies in length and this also depends on the strength of the attachment. This period is usually very painful as the affected seek to adjust or be intimate without their loved one. Collin, Murray-parkes (1972) describes bereavement as an illn ess, thus in turn prompted Mary to see her doctor for help. The Johnson family appears not to have gone through the sorrow process. Eustace is showing a lack of interest in normal life by wondering and could be his way of searching for his wife. The grieving process involves psychological suffering ( Birch, A ,1997 p251)Grief is defined as the process of psychological, social and somatic reactions to the perceptions of loss (Rando, 1984). This explains that the individual is affected mentally, physically as well as socially. Bereavement is defined as the state of having suffered a loss (Rando, 1984).According to Balwby excessive separation anxiety is usually the result of adverse family experiences, such as repeated threats of abandonment or rejections by parents, or to parents or siblings illnesses or death for which the child feels responsible. The truanting of the children could be a result of the feeling that they felt abandoned after the death of Susan who at one stage raised them for three days when their parents moved to the UK and could have bonded with the children. They have been living in the same house and this could have unplowed them close.A key principle of an attachment based practice is the acknowledgment that young children develop a range of adaptive strategies that are designed to help them cope with, survive and function in whatever situations they go through to find themselves, The children could be truanting as way of coping with the loss.As Eustace is wondering and possibly searching for his wife, it could be that he is thinking of joining her wife where ever she is. This brings Erikssons stages of development Integrity v Despair. Integrity is contentment with what you have achieved and Despair is the feeling that you have achieved nothing. As Eustace could be nearing the end of his life he will probably look back with integrity. He had his child who also got married and had her own family. He has lived for more than sixty years and although it does not look like he lived a porch life he was not homeless and up to this day still has a harming daughter taking care of him. Eustace will probably be looking for forward to dying with contentment.Applying sociological and psychological theories as well as social work values has been a challenge for me considering my ethnic priming coat of African origin as much as the Johnson family who travelled to solve in the UK, a country with different norms, cultures and values. I feel I empathise more with the Johnson family, in relation to the impact of new norms, culture and a new way of living.Studying social work has challenged some of my beliefs and prejudices and hence the toleration of others, provide recognition and ability to challenge discrimination. bail of work values have provided me with further understanding of being courteous of other peoples, views, religion, culture and preferences which is of paramount significance to become a social work practitioner . (GSCC 2002).